{
  "abstract": "Muntingia calabura L. (Muntingiaceae) is a fast-growing tropical food–medicine species, whose edible fruits and traditionally used leaves, flowers, and bark contain diverse phenolic and flavonoid constituents and have been investigated for metabolic, inflammatory, and other pharmacological activities. Previous reviews have largely cataloged its traditional uses, phytochemistry, and reported bioactivities, but have not systematically examined the strength, quantitative potency, internal validity, and translational maturity of the evidence. This systematic review therefore evaluated the drug-development potential of M. calabura across four interconnected domains, namely ethnopharmacological use, in vitro and in silico pharmacology, preclinical in vivo and ex vivo evidence, and plant-mediated nanotechnology. PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect were searched for primary English-language studies published from January 2015 to December 2025 following PRISMA 2020. The review protocol was not prospectively registered in PROSPERO or any other registry. No meta-analysis was performed because of substantial methodological heterogeneity. Quantitative findings were summarized descriptively as medians and ranges, and mammalian studies were assessed using the SYRCLE risk-of-bias tool. Among 107 included studies, 2 were ethnobotanical surveys, 56 investigated in vitro or in silico pharmacology, 36 evaluated preclinical in vivo or ex vivo effects, and 13 examined plant-mediated nanotechnology. No eligible controlled human studies were identified. Carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzyme inhibition emerged as the most consistent pharmacological signal, with median IC50 values of 50.72 µg/mL for α-glucosidase and 61.43 µg/mL for α-amylase, although potency varied markedly among plant parts, extraction systems, and assays. Preclinical studies reported glucose-lowering, lipid-modulatory, anti-inflammatory, and organ-protective effects, but methodological safeguards against bias were incompletely reported, extract standardization was inconsistent, and pharmacokinetic and long-term safety evidence was lacking. M. calabura should therefore be regarded as a source of pharmacological leads and biofunctional nanomaterials, rather than as a clinically validated treatment.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Biological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia",
    "Herbal Study Center, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia",
    "Doctoral Program in Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia",
    "Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan",
    "Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia"
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Raden M Febriyanti",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3437-3011"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Aalbrecht A Irawan",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3398-3715"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Zelika Mega Ramadhania",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9872-8240"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Ami Tjitraresmi",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7990-0567"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Shazia Sultana"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yasmiwar Susilawati",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1907-3405"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Ajeng Diantini",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2258-5137"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/agm1m0etcd8v3.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.2147/dddt.s641651",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13723180/",
  "id": "agm1m0etcd8v3",
  "issns": [
    "1177-8881"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.2147/dddt.s641651",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Review"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1110|Medicinal Plant Research"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223708404",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.dovepress.com/article/download/121400",
  "pmcid": "PMC13723180",
  "pmid": "42967046",
  "published": "2026-10-27",
  "publisher": "Dove Press",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/agm1m0etcd8v3.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T12:21:49Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13723180",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.2147/dddt.s641651"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:1110|Medicinal Plant Research",
      "subfield": "plant-biology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Drug-Development Potential of Muntingia calabura L.: A Systematic Review of Ethnopharmacological Use, Pharmacological Potency, Preclinical Evidence, and Plant-Mediated Nanotechnology",
  "title_text": "Drug-Development Potential of Muntingia calabura L.: A Systematic Review of Ethnopharmacological Use, Pharmacological Potency, Preclinical Evidence, and Plant-Mediated Nanotechnology",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-04T12:21:49Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/agm1m0etcd8v3",
  "venue": "Drug Design, Development and Therapy",
  "versions": []
}