{
  "abstract": "True random number generators (TRNGs) based on the dark noise of perimeter-gated single-photon avalanche diodes (pg-SPADs) naturally produce outputs that follow a tunable Bernoulli distribution. For applications requiring non-uniform random numbers, multiple such units can be coupled, or the inherent Poisson statistics of the accumulated dark events from a single pg-SPAD can be exploited. In this work, we present the principles for extending pg-SPAD-based TRNGs from the uniform to the non-uniform regime and investigate the impact of the perimeter-gate voltage on the underlying probability distributions. The proposed concepts were experimentally validated using a prototype 64 x 64 pg-SPAD chip, fabricated in a standard 0.35 $μ$m CMOS process. Collectively, we showed that common non-uniform distributions such as Poisson, exponential, and approximated Gaussian can be achieved and tuned in real-time using pg-SPAD TRNGs.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": "2609.22665",
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Yanbing Icey Chen"
    },
    {
      "name": "Md Sakibur Sajal"
    },
    {
      "name": "Marc Dandin"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ajr0a11p03389.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2609.22665",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "ajr0a11p03389",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.22665",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "LicenseRef-arXiv-nonexclusive-1.0",
  "licence_label": "arXiv licence",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/",
  "metadata_licence": "CC0-1.0",
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "arxiv",
      "physics.ins-det"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1708|Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7214008847",
  "pdf_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.22665",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-19",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ajr0a11p03389.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:23:19Z",
      "native_id": "2609.22665",
      "source": "arxiv",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.22665"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "physics",
      "origin": "arxiv:physics.ins-det",
      "subfield": "applied-instrumentation"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Real-time Tunable Probability Distributions From Perimeter-Gated SPAD TRNGs",
  "title_text": "Real-time Tunable Probability Distributions From Perimeter-Gated SPAD TRNGs",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:23:19Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ajr0a11p03389",
  "venue": "arXiv",
  "versions": []
}