{
  "abstract": "Background: National air-pollution summaries can mask the concentrations experienced by populations across the locations where they live. We quantified annual population-weighted (PW) and area-weighted (AW) ambient PM 2.5 and ground-level O ₃ metrics in China from 2015 to 2024.\n\nMethods: In this repeated-year ecological geospatial analysis, annual ChinaHighAirPollutants (CHAP) PM 2.5 Version 4 and yearly maximum daily 8-h average (MDA8) O ₃ Version 3 rasters were linked to WorldPop Global2 R2025A population-count rasters. Population-weighted concentrations were compared with spherical-cell-area-weighted means calculated across all valid CHAP cells. National linear trends included 95% confidence intervals (CIs); 0.2° spatial slopes were descriptive, with 0.1° and 0.25° sensitivity analyses.\n\nResults: Population-weighted PM 2.5 declined from 53.06 to 31.25 μg/m ³ , while its area-weighted mean declined from 42.69 to 24.83 μg/m ³ . Population-weighted yearly MDA8 O ₃ increased from 77.06 to 96.75 μg/m ³ , while the area-weighted mean increased from 73.38 to 96.29 μg/m ³ . Population-weighted national slopes were −2.51 μg/m ³ /year (95% CI, −3.16 to −1.87) for PM 2.5 and 1.99 μg/m ³ /year (95% CI, 1.19 to 2.79) for O ₃ . Across valid 0.2° blocks, median descriptive slopes were −1.82 and 1.99 μg/m ³ /year, respectively, and spatial summaries were stable at alternative aggregation resolutions.\n\nConclusion: PM 2.5 and O ₃ showed opposing national and spatial patterns. Population weighting materially changed national summaries, particularly for PM 2.5 , supporting its use alongside area-weighted estimates in environmental public-health surveillance.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Emergency, The Affiliated Panyu Central Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University",
    "The Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University",
    "The Second People’s Hospital of Panyu District"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xiaowei Mai"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Zhenyu Liang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Lin Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Debo Xu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yonghua Chen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Junyi Xia"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ajx5356qfw6yf.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fpubh.2026.2000035",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "ajx5356qfw6yf",
  "issns": [
    "2296-2565"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2026.2000035/full",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-04",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ajx5356qfw6yf.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T12:21:48Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fpubh.2026.2000035",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2026.2000035/full"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "issn:2296-2565",
      "subfield": "epidemiology-public-health"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Population-weighted and area-weighted ambient PM2.5 and O3 concentrations in China from 2015 to 2024",
  "title_text": "Population-weighted and area-weighted ambient PM2.5 and O3 concentrations in China from 2015 to 2024",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-06T00:21:28Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ajx5356qfw6yf",
  "venue": "Frontiers in Public Health",
  "versions": []
}