{
  "abstract": "People living with HIV (PLWH) exhibit a two-fold higher incidence of cardiovascular disease compared to HIV-negative persons. However, determinants of cardiovascular disease risk in PLWH are still evolving. The objective of this study is to evaluate the determinants of cardiovascular disease among PLWH in Nigeria. This cross-sectional study was conducted from 30th September to 11th November 2024 among adult patients attending the HIV clinic of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, ​Nigeria. We used systematic sampling to recruit participants and computed their 5-year projected CVD risk using the Data collection on Adverse effects of Anti-HIV Drugs (DAD) equation. We analysed data collected using IBM SPSS Statistical software for windows, version 26 and binary logistic regression was used to identify the determinants of CVD risk among PLWH. The majority of participants were female (70.6%). The estimated median 5-year CVD risk was 0.7% (interquartile range, IQR 0.4, 10). The majority of participants (58.9%) had a low risk of developing cardiovascular disease, while 28.9% had a moderate risk. Cardiovascular disease was associated with elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) > 3.03 mg/L [adjusted odds ratio, aOR: 4.58, 95% CI: 2.09-10.05), p = 0.001], increasing age [aOR 2.38, 95% CI (1.48-4.50), p = 0.020], male sex [aOR 2.16, 95% CI (1.03-4.53), p = 0.040] and hypercholesterolemia [aOR 3.03, 95% CI (1.68-4.86), p = 0.005]. The majority of PLWH in our setting have low to moderate risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease risk was associated with elevated hsCRP, increasing age, male sex, and hypercholesterolemia. Our findings highlight the importance of integrating CVD screening in HIV care to reduce morbidity and mortality among PLWH. The online version contains supplementary material. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-026-03262-6.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Family Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria.",
    "Department of Community Medicine, Bayero University/ Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Kano, Nigeria.",
    "Department of Medicine, Bayero University/ Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Kano, Nigeria.",
    "Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA.",
    "Department of Medicine, Bayero University & Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 11,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Zainab Abdulkadir",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9846-3278"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Aminatu A Kwaku"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "AbdulGafar Lekan Olawumi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Abdullahi Kabir Suleiman"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Godpower Chinedu Michael"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Bukar A Grema"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Fatimah Ismail Tsiga-Ahmed"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Baba Maiyaki Musa"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "C William Wester"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Mahmoud Umar Sani"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Muktar Hassan Aliyu"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ak6v6rq15rcga.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1186/s12982-026-03262-6",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13740043",
  "id": "ak6v6rq15rcga",
  "issns": [
    "3005-0774"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42996454",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2725|HIV-related health complications and treatments"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7134195063",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13740043?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13740043",
  "pmid": "42996454",
  "published": "2026-11-05",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ak6v6rq15rcga.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-09T15:20:34Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42996454",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42996454"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2725|HIV-related health complications and treatments",
      "subfield": "infectious-disease"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Determinants of cardiovascular disease among people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in northern Nigeria.",
  "title_text": "Determinants of cardiovascular disease among people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in northern Nigeria.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-09T15:20:34Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ak6v6rq15rcga",
  "venue": "Discover public health",
  "versions": []
}