{
  "abstract": "Chitosan, obtained from crustacean shells, has broad applications for environmental, agricultural, and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, we synthesized several chitosan samples from shrimp shell waste by applying different combinations of acid and alkali treatments during the demineralization, deproteinization, and deacetylation steps. The degree of deacetylation (DD), determined via titration and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), ranged from 70% to 92%. The physicochemical and structural properties of the extracted chitosan were systematically compared with commercial chitosan (CS-Com) by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), ATR-FTIR, field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FESEM-EDX), thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry (TGA-DSC), asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis. Differences were observed in crystallinity, surface morphology, elemental composition (N/C ratio), porosity, thermal stability, water and fat-binding capacities, solubility, and wettability. Among the samples, CS-2 and CS-5 showed properties most similar to CS-Com. Adsorption studies using chloride and nickel ions as model ions indicated a close relationship between adsorption efficiency and the physicochemical characteristics of chitosan. The acid–base treatment conditions have a major impact on chitosan's solubility, degree of deacetylation, crystallinity, thermal stability, and adsorption performance. The findings provide insights for optimizing chitosan extraction and tailoring the material's properties for biomedical, food, and environmental applications.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi Karachi 75270 Pakistan",
    "Dr M.A Kazi Institute of Chemistry, University of Sindh Jamshoro-76080 Pakistan",
    "Third World Center for Science and Technology, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi Karachi 75270 Pakistan",
    "Department of Chemistry, NED University of Engineering & Technology Karachi-75270 Pakistan",
    "Applied Chemistry Research Center, PCSIR Laboratories Complex Karachi-75270 Pakistan",
    "Department Advanced Macromolecular Structure Analysis, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. Hohe Str. 6 D-01069 Dresden Germany",
    "Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University Private Bag X1 Stellenbosch 7599 South Africa"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 10,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Abdul Moiz"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Rabia Aziz",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7245-1789"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Abdul Hannan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Muhammad Osama"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Tahir Rafique"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Khalid M. Khan",
      "orcid": "0009-0009-9276-2929"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Saima Imad"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Saba Naz"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Albena Lederer",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1760-6426"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Muhammad Imran Malik",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6942-0407"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/am7091171vrqh.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1039/d6ra07146e",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13651807/",
  "id": "am7091171vrqh",
  "issns": [
    "2046-2069"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1039/d6ra07146e",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-3.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC 3.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Chemistry"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2502|Nanocomposite Films for Food Packaging"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221174431",
  "pdf_url": "https://pubs.rsc.org/ra/article-pdf/doi/10.1039/d6ra07146e/14867488/d6ra07146e.pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13651807",
  "pmid": "42857716",
  "published": "2026-10-09",
  "publisher": "Royal Society of Chemistry",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/am7091171vrqh.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-01T12:23:35Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13651807",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1039/d6ra07146e"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:2502|Nanocomposite Films for Food Packaging",
      "subfield": "materials-polymers"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Selectivity of acid–base extraction routes and their effects on the structure, physicochemical properties, and adsorption performance of shrimp-shell-derived chitosan",
  "title_text": "Selectivity of acid–base extraction routes and their effects on the structure, physicochemical properties, and adsorption performance of shrimp-shell-derived chitosan",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-02T12:20:49Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/am7091171vrqh",
  "venue": "RSC Advances",
  "versions": []
}