{
  "abstract": "Background\n\nMessenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines rapidly engage innate and adaptive immunity, but the systemic immune changes occurring within 24 h of vaccination remain incompletely understood. We investigated whether early cellular and global H3K27ac/m6A changes were associated with subsequent documented breakthrough infection (BTI).Methods\n\nWe performed an exploratory longitudinal systems-immunology analysis of an outcome-balanced subset of 124 participants from a randomized trial of COVID-19 mRNA booster vaccination (62 BTI and 62 non-BTI). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected at Day 0 and Day 1 were profiled by high-dimensional mass cytometry. Seventeen major immune-cell populations were assessed for changes in relative abundance, marker profiles, and global H3K27ac/m6A signals. Neutralizing-antibody responses were measured through Day 180.Results\n\nWithin 24 h, booster vaccination induced rapid lineage-specific remodeling of circulating immune composition. Classical and intermediate monocytes showed positive shifts in CLR-transformed relative abundance, whereas pDCs, NK cells, and selected CD8 and unconventional T-cell populations showed negative shifts. CD4 T-cell populations remained comparatively stable on this relative-composition scale. Early H3K27ac and m6A changes correlated with abundance changes in selected innate and T-cell populations. Associations with later humoral immunity were limited: after exclusion of antibody measurements obtained on or after documented BTI, no association between early H3K27ac/m6A changes and Day 14 or Day 180 neutralizing-antibody responses remained significant after multiple-testing correction. Major-cell abundance trajectories did not differ significantly by subsequent BTI status. In contrast, BTI was associated with smaller Day 0-to-Day 1 changes in CD4_Tn IFN-Th1 chemokine, cytotoxic-Th1-associated, and CCL2-CCR2-associated marker scores and in the m6A readout.Conclusions\n\nmRNA booster vaccination induces rapid, cell-type-specific immune remodeling within 24 h. Major-cell abundance changes were broadly shared across BTI groups, whereas early CD4_Tn marker-associated and m6A signal changes were associated with subsequent documented BTI. These findings support further evaluation of dynamic early immune states as correlates of heterogeneity in vaccine responses.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Bio-X Center for Interdisciplinary Innovation, Yunnan University , , ,"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xuanjing Yu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xinyu Jiang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yupeng Xue"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yuqi Ji"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Chunmei Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Zijie Scott Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Rui Cheng"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/amhz1y317586n.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fcimb.2026.1966930",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13716633/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "amhz1y317586n",
  "issns": [
    "2235-2988"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13716633",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2725|SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7222231502",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13716633/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13716633",
  "pmid": "42959175",
  "published": "2026-10-15",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/amhz1y317586n.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T00:20:37Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13716633",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13716633"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-01T00:20:52Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42959175",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42959175"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-01T12:23:53Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13716633",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2026.1966930"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2725|SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research",
      "subfield": "infectious-disease"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Mass cytometry of early immune remodeling after mRNA booster vaccination reveals exploratory CD4 naive T-cell associations with documented breakthrough infection",
  "title_text": "Mass cytometry of early immune remodeling after mRNA booster vaccination reveals exploratory CD4 naive T-cell associations with documented breakthrough infection",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-02T12:21:07Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/amhz1y317586n",
  "venue": "Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology",
  "versions": []
}