{
  "abstract": "Understanding immune mechanisms associated with COVID-19 severity remains important for interpreting clinical outcomes. We investigated virological and immunological profiles in 39-patients hospitalized with COVID-19 at InCor Hospital during the Delta and Omicron waves and included 28-non-hospitalized individuals with moderate COVID-19 as a comparator group for cytokine analyses. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed by RT-PCR from nasopharyngeal swabs, and viral variants were identified by next-generation sequencing. RNAemia was assessed by RT-PCR and analyzed as a binary variable. Serum cytokines were quantified by cytometric bead array, while humoral responses were evaluated by anti-Spike RBD IgG levels using CLIA and a Wuhan-Hu-1-based pseudovirus neutralization assay. RNAemia was more frequent in ICU-admitted patients than in non-ICU patients, supporting an association with disease severity. Cytokine profiling showed increased IL-6, IL-8, TNF, IL-17 A and IL-10 levels in hospitalized patients compared with moderate COVID-19 individuals, but did not distinguish recovered from deceased patients. Neutralizing antibody titers measured against a Wuhan-Hu-1 spike pseudovirus were significantly higher in recovered individuals than decease patients, underscoring the relevance of antibody functionality. These data emphasize the relevance of viral dissemination and functional humoral immunity as potential biomarkers for COVID-19 progression and outcome, with RNAemia and neutralizing antibody levels showing a stronger exploratory association in this cohort.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Immunopathology Lab, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.",
    "Pulmonology Division, Institute of Heart, Hospital das Clínicas of the University of Sao Paulo Medical School (HCFMUSP) , Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.",
    "Pulmonology Division, Institute of Heart, Hospital das Clínicas of the University of Sao Paulo Medical School (HCFMUSP) , Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Digital Health, Technological Innovation Center (InovaHC), University of Sao Paulo Medical School (HCFMUSP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.",
    "Department of Infections and Tropical Disease, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Virology Lab (LIM-52), Institute of Tropical Medicine, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.",
    "Digital Health, Technological Innovation Center (InovaHC), University of Sao Paulo Medical School (HCFMUSP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.",
    "Immunopathology Lab, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: eliana.faquim@butantan.gov.br."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 14,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Geraldo S Magalhães",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9455-5493"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Sarah N C Gimenes"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Bianca C L F Távora"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "José A Portes Junior"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Paula A L Calabria"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Leonel I Montealegre-Sanchez"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Sandra C Sampaio Vessoni"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Eduardo Massad",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7200-2916"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Celina A Lamas"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Sergio S Muller"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Tania Regina Tozetto-Mendoza"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Maria Cássia Mendes-Correa"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Carlos R R Carvalho"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Eliana L Faquim-Mauro"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/anwyan309n75f.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1016/j.clinsp.2026.101213",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13693336",
  "id": "anwyan309n75f",
  "issns": [
    "1807-5932",
    "1980-5322"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42880124",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2725|COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221785307",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13693336?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13693336",
  "pmid": "42880124",
  "published": "2026-10-15",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/anwyan309n75f.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:46Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42880124",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42880124"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2725|COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies",
      "subfield": "infectious-disease"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Immune parameters in hospitalized COVID-19 patients during SARS-CoV2 delta and omicron waves.",
  "title_text": "Immune parameters in hospitalized COVID-19 patients during SARS-CoV2 delta and omicron waves.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:46Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/anwyan309n75f",
  "venue": "Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil)",
  "versions": []
}