{
  "abstract": "Transparent conducting oxides near their epsilon-near-zero frequency exhibit near-unity ultrafast modulations of the refractive index which have enabled the field of time-varying metamaterials, yet the underlying carrier dynamics at high driving fluences remain poorly understood. Here, we report ultrafast modulations in the reflectivity and transmissivity of indium tin oxide, and a non-monotonic oscillatory behavior. This is especially evident in the time evolution of the complex Fresnel coefficients retrieved directly from pump-probe spectrograms using an optical gating technique, GRUMPY FROG. The dynamics of the retrieved plasma frequency and damping coefficient are well captured by an extended two-temperature model incorporating a competing nonlinear interband process: at high fluences, Auger-type scattering of hot conduction electrons promotes valence band carriers, increasing the plasma frequency while accelerating hot-electron cooling and raising the damping coefficient. These results clarify the origin of anomalous high-fluence dynamics in indium tin oxide and identify a fluence-tuneable modulation dynamic with direct implications for ultrafast refractive index engineering in time-varying photonic devices and optical switching.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": "2605.21432",
  "author_total": 10,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Anthony C Harwood"
    },
    {
      "name": "Sean Z J Lim"
    },
    {
      "name": "T V Raziman"
    },
    {
      "name": "Yan Li"
    },
    {
      "name": "Joseph Stones"
    },
    {
      "name": "John W G Tisch"
    },
    {
      "name": "Simon A R Horsley"
    },
    {
      "name": "Stefano Vezzoli"
    },
    {
      "name": "John B Pendry"
    },
    {
      "name": "Riccardo Sapienza"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/aq3224yewb3bg.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2605.21432",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "aq3224yewb3bg",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.21432",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "LicenseRef-arXiv-nonexclusive-1.0",
  "licence_label": "arXiv licence",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/",
  "metadata_licence": "CC0-1.0",
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "arxiv",
      "physics.optics"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2605.21432",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-08-26",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/aq3224yewb3bg.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:26:45Z",
      "native_id": "2605.21432",
      "source": "arxiv",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.21432"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "physics",
      "origin": "arxiv:physics.optics",
      "subfield": "optics-photonics"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Competing Auger-Like and Intraband Excitations Drive Anomalous Modulations in Indium Tin Oxide",
  "title_text": "Competing Auger-Like and Intraband Excitations Drive Anomalous Modulations in Indium Tin Oxide",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:26:45Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/aq3224yewb3bg",
  "venue": "arXiv",
  "versions": [
    {
      "doi": "10.1364/optica.607371",
      "pid": null,
      "relation": "published-as",
      "title": null,
      "venue": null
    }
  ]
}