{
  "abstract": "Motivation\n\nOne common goal in multi-omics studies is to identify subgroups within the study's cohort. Many methods create subgroups through unsupervised clustering, and, to our knowledge, all of these methods attempt to infer a common subspace or latent cluster across multiple views. We argue that this is a strict assumption that may not truly exist in many datasets.Results\n\nWe use the classic spectral clustering algorithm in conjunction with the flag manifold. Together, this allows for differing cluster structures across the omics profiles, leading to a novel approach for more flexible subtyping in multi-omics studies. We study a dataset on ventilator associated pneumonia in children. These data contain airway microbiome and transcriptome. Through simulation studies, we demonstrate that the flag mean of separate clustering subspaces can accurately capture the span of a joint clustering space. It is also robust to varying noise structures and number of features across omics profiles. Our proposed method also outperforms popular multi-omics clustering methods in the presence of differing group sizes. This proposed method is general enough to apply to other multi-omics studies as well as any multi-view study that uses spectral clustering.Availability and implementation\n\nCode for these methods are written in R and are freely available through GitHub at https://github.com/Ghoshlab/MMOC or through CRAN at https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/MMOC/index.html.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.",
    "Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.",
    "Department of Mathematics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States.",
    "Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Charlie M Carpenter"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ziwei Tian"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Jonathan K Harris"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Michael Kirby"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Traci Lyons"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Christopher Peterson"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Brandie D Wagner"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Debashis Ghosh",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6618-1316"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/aqsq1fc1kpsy4.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1093/bioadv/vbag217",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13692795",
  "id": "aqsq1fc1kpsy4",
  "issns": [
    "2635-0041"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42921377",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1702|Advanced Clustering Algorithms Research"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7172382266",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13692795?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13692795",
  "pmid": "42921377",
  "published": "2026-08-04",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/aqsq1fc1kpsy4.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:21:02Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42921377",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42921377"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biochemistry",
      "origin": "journal-openalex:1312|Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies",
      "subfield": "molecular-biology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Multi-omic spectral clustering with the flag mean.",
  "title_text": "Multi-omic spectral clustering with the flag mean.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:21:02Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/aqsq1fc1kpsy4",
  "venue": "Bioinformatics advances",
  "versions": []
}