{
  "abstract": "Closed-to-open cell mixed-phase cloud transitions within marine cold air outbreaks remain poorly understood despite their importance to high-latitude climate. The Cold-Air outbreak Experiment in the Sub-Arctic Region (CAESAR) research aircraft sampled a cold and polluted closed-to-open cell transition with cloud-top temperatures below −20 °C and upstream cloud condensation nuclei concentrations surpassing 600 cm ⁻³ . The aerosol likely originates from Siberian industrial emissions. As the boundary layer deepens prior to and across the transition, driven by strong turbulent surface fluxes and aided by a weakening cloud-top inversion, aerosol number concentrations decrease and supercooled droplet sizes increase, causing ice particles to shift from primarily vapor depositional growth towards riming. Precipitation shafts within open-cells contain abundant large graupel (>5 mm diameter) with liquid-equivalent precipitation intensities reaching 3 mm h ⁻¹ . Ice precipitation co-exists with lidar-observed surface cold pools, modulated by entrainment events, juxtaposed with surface-based plumes of warm moist air. Updrafts support liquid water production along convergence boundaries at the upwind cold pool edge. Nonetheless, strong buoyancy fluxes exceeding 200 W m ⁻² prevent sub-cloud decoupling. Ice particle number concentrations increase tenfold across the transition, surpassing 10 L ⁻¹ within open-cells, more than 1000× ice nucleating particle number concentrations. Given that cloud temperatures are too cold for Hallett-Mossop rime splintering, this indicates the importance of other secondary ice production mechanisms. This case expands the observations needed to better understand mixed-phase Arctic cloud processes.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "University of Miami (Coral Gables, United States of America)"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 32,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Samuel Ephraim"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Paquita Zuidema",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4719-372X"
    },
    {
      "name": "Aaron Bansemer",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3714-1099"
    },
    {
      "name": "Lintong Cai",
      "orcid": "0009-0000-0051-1968"
    },
    {
      "name": "Markus Petters",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4082-1693"
    },
    {
      "name": "Elise Rosky",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3477-4456"
    },
    {
      "name": "Jefferson R. Snider",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9318-1343"
    },
    {
      "name": "Zhien Wang",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3871-3834"
    },
    {
      "name": "Sarah Woods",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2174-8889"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kevin Barry",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1896-1921"
    },
    {
      "name": "Theresa Campos",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7226-3569"
    },
    {
      "name": "Owen Cruikshank",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7839-0702"
    },
    {
      "name": "Sabine Eckhardt",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6958-5375"
    },
    {
      "name": "Nikolaos Evangeliou",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7196-1018"
    },
    {
      "name": "Romanos Foskinis",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0221-3328"
    },
    {
      "name": "Jeffrey R. French",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1993-0585"
    },
    {
      "name": "Bart Geerts",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1508-6121"
    },
    {
      "name": "Coltin Grasmick"
    },
    {
      "name": "Silvia Henning",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9267-7825"
    },
    {
      "name": "Varun Kumar",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2669-9633"
    },
    {
      "name": "Andreas Massling"
    },
    {
      "name": "Camille Mavis",
      "orcid": "0009-0009-5819-6177"
    },
    {
      "name": "Greg M. McFarquhar",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0950-0135"
    },
    {
      "name": "Athanasios Nenes",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3873-9970"
    },
    {
      "name": "Gunnar Noer"
    },
    {
      "name": "Ryan Patnaude",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3129-8279"
    },
    {
      "name": "Russell Perkins",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2351-2362"
    },
    {
      "name": "Lise Lotte Sørensen",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9823-589X"
    },
    {
      "name": "Henrik Skov",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1167-8696"
    },
    {
      "name": "Tyler Tatro",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8439-7249"
    },
    {
      "name": "Florian Tornow"
    },
    {
      "name": "Lu Zhang",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5398-0693"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/aqwcfztck9k2c.bib",
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  "doi": "10.5194/acp-26-15375-2026",
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  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
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  "native_subjects": [
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      "feed-journal",
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  "published": "2026-11-03",
  "publisher": "Copernicus GmbH",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/aqwcfztck9k2c.ris",
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "earth",
      "origin": "feed-journal:earth/atmospheric",
      "subfield": "atmospheric"
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  ],
  "title": "A closed-to-open cell mixed-phase cloud transition observed over the Nordic Seas under high aerosol loading and strong surface fluxes",
  "title_text": "A closed-to-open cell mixed-phase cloud transition observed over the Nordic Seas under high aerosol loading and strong surface fluxes",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-05T00:21:14Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/aqwcfztck9k2c",
  "venue": "Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics",
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