{
  "abstract": "With the continuous advancement of microscopic imaging techniques, the motion of micro- and nanosized particles can be followed with increasing spatial and temporal accuracy. Analyzing the tracks of single particles enables one to address a broad range of scientific questions, e.g., the dynamics of active and passive (thermally driven) motion or the transport of particles in complex environments. While anisotropic motion, which is exhibited by the vast majority of biologically relevant particles (e.g., bacteria and viruses), has been amply studied in theoretical works, only little experimental data with single-particle resolution have been reported so far. In this study, fluorescence microscopy is used to follow the unconstrained motion of green-fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) in bulk. By decomposing the motion of individual bacteria into contributions parallel and perpendicular to the bacterial long axis, we introduce new scores that quantify the degree of motile activity and alignment with high throughput. We find that S. Typhimurium possesses a surprisingly broad spectrum of opening angles that range from full alignment of the bacterial long axis with the direction of translational motion to no alignment at all. Applied to mutants, in which motility-related proteins (the flagellins FljB and FliC) have been deleted, we find that wild-type (WT) and FliC-expressing S. Typhimurium exhibit very similar motility but differ significantly in the fraction of actively moving bacteria.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, Berlin 14195, Germany.",
    "Research Building SupraFAB, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 23a, Berlin 14195, Germany.",
    "Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straße 7-13, Berlin 14163, Germany.",
    "Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bemeroder Straße 31, Hannover 30559, Germany.",
    "Institute of Theoretical Bio- and Soft Matter Physics, Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, Berlin 14195, Germany.",
    "Veterinary Center for Resistance Research (TZR), Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straße 8, Berlin 14163, Germany."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Kevin Diestelhorst"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Fereshteh Ghazisaeedi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Anton Klimek"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Sebastian Braetz"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Karsten Tedin"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Roland R Netz",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0147-0162"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        3,
        5
      ],
      "name": "Marcus Fulde"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Stephan Block",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2947-0837"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/arn4dqfn9me5e.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.6c00080",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13693235",
  "id": "arn4dqfn9me5e",
  "issns": [
    "2694-2496"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42921437",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "3104|Micro and Nano Robotics"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7210286854",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13693235?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13693235",
  "pmid": "42921437",
  "published": "2026-09-06",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/arn4dqfn9me5e.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:21:02Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42921437",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42921437"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "physics",
      "origin": "openalex:3104|Micro and Nano Robotics",
      "subfield": "condensed-matter"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Motion Anisotropy of Individual, Unconfined Rod-Like-Shaped Salmonella Typhimurium Bacteria.",
  "title_text": "Motion Anisotropy of Individual, Unconfined Rod-Like-Shaped Salmonella Typhimurium Bacteria.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:21:02Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/arn4dqfn9me5e",
  "venue": "ACS nanoscience Au",
  "versions": []
}