{
  "abstract": "Lepton (electron and muon) scattering experiments are excellent tools to gain insight into the nucleon structure. Elastic electron-proton scattering probes the spatial distribution of charge and magnetization inside the proton, and comparing electron-proton and muon-proton scattering data tests lepton universality. The availability of a plethora of scattering data with increased precision and observed discrepancies such as the proton form factor puzzle and the proton radius puzzle motivated a renewed effort to improve the theoretical framework. Realizing that the one-photon-exchange approximation (OPE), i.~e. the Born approximation, is not sufficient, radiative corrections in QED, especially the two-photon-exchange (TPE) diagrams, are under investigation. The TPE diagrams are of special interest among the radiative corrections, since their hadronic-structure-dependent contribution generates an additional dependence of the cross section on the virtual-photon polarization parameter beyond the Born approximation that is not captured by standard model-independent radiative correction procedures, and that directly impacts the extraction of proton form factors. In this work, we present a complete calculation of QED radiative corrections to elastic electron-proton and muon-proton scattering at next-to-leading order, taking into account loop-momentum-dependent form factors. In the discussion of their numerical impact on lepton-proton scattering cross sections, we pay special attention to the elastic nucleon contribution to the TPE diagrams and compare them with existing theoretical predictions and lepton-proton scattering data.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": "2605.31123",
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Daniel Crowe"
    },
    {
      "name": "Syed Mehedi Hasan"
    },
    {
      "name": "Doreen Wackeroth"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/avxs2jvs7c4jm.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2605.31123",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "avxs2jvs7c4jm",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.31123",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": "CC0-1.0",
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "arxiv",
      "hep-ph"
    ],
    [
      "arxiv",
      "nucl-th"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2605.31123",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-27",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/avxs2jvs7c4jm.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:35:50Z",
      "native_id": "2605.31123",
      "source": "arxiv",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.31123"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "physics",
      "origin": "arxiv:hep-ph",
      "subfield": "high-energy"
    },
    {
      "field": "physics",
      "origin": "arxiv:nucl-th",
      "subfield": "nuclear"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Radiative Corrections to Elastic Lepton-Proton Scattering with Focus on Two-Photon-Exchange Diagrams",
  "title_text": "Radiative Corrections to Elastic Lepton-Proton Scattering with Focus on Two-Photon-Exchange Diagrams",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:35:50Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/avxs2jvs7c4jm",
  "venue": "arXiv",
  "versions": [
    {
      "doi": "10.1103/4kss-bv46",
      "pid": null,
      "relation": "published-as",
      "title": null,
      "venue": null
    }
  ]
}