{
  "abstract": "Background: Linum usitatissimum (L. usitatissimum) seeds have been reported to have several biological efficacies, such as antioxidant, anti-aging, sun protection, and antimicrobial actions. The present study aimed to develop L. usitatissimum oil nanoemulgel and evaluate its cosmeceutical and antimicrobial characteristics for use in topical applications. Method: L. usitatissimum oil nanoemulgel formulations were prepared by optimizing the non-ionic surfactant (Tween® 20, Tween® 80, and Span® 80) using a self-nanoemulsifying technique, followed by the addition of Carbopol®. The droplet size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and rheological behavior of the emulgel formulations were measured. In addition, the antioxidant activity, elastase inhibition activity, sun protection factor (SPF), and antimicrobial properties were evaluated. Results: The prepared nanoemulgel had a homogenous appearance and a smooth, creamy texture and was found to have good spreadability and an acceptable adhesion to the skin. Tween® 80 gave the optimum nanoemulgel formulation, which had a droplet size of less than 200 nm. The crude L. usitatissimum seed oil was found to possess strong intrinsic antioxidant activity (IC50: 3.15 ± 0.46 µg/ml) when compared to trolox (IC50: 2.21 ± 0.23 µg/ml) and elastase inhibition activity (IC50: 17.3 ± 0.5 µg/ml) when compared with oleanolic acid (IC50: 10.2 ± 0.3 µg/ml), and a sun protection factor (SPF) of 5.87, suggesting significant potential anti-wrinkle and photoprotective properties. When incorporated into the optimized nanoemulgel formulation, the system showed considerably higher antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, MRSA, and C. albicans than the crude oil (p < 0.05). No antibacterial activity was found against E. coli, E. faecium, or S. sonnei. Conclusion: In conclusion, a novel L. usitatissimum oil nanoemulgel was prepared that shows promise for pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical applications.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine",
    "Department of Cosmetic and Skin Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine",
    "Program of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine"
  ],
  "article_type": "Research Article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ahmad M. Eid"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Mohammed Hawash"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Linda Issa"
    },
    {
      "name": "Areej Joma"
    },
    {
      "name": "Ansam Joma"
    },
    {
      "name": "Deema Tumeh"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ayameqs3q1njn.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0362294",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "ayameqs3q1njn",
  "issns": [
    "1932-6203"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0362294",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Agriculture/Agronomy/Plant products/Vegetable oils"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Agriculture/Crop science/Plant products/Vegetable oils"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Biochemistry/Antioxidants"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Biochemistry/Lipids/Oils"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Bioengineering/Biotechnology/Bionanotechnology"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Microbial control/Antimicrobials/Antibacterials"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Eukaryota/Plants/Flowering plants/Flax"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Engineering and technology/Bioengineering/Biotechnology/Bionanotechnology"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Engineering and technology/Nanotechnology"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Engineering and technology/Nanotechnology/Bionanotechnology"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Pharmacology/Drugs/Antimicrobials/Antibacterials"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Materials science/Materials/Surfactants"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-05",
  "publisher": "Public Library of Science",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ayameqs3q1njn.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-06T12:20:42Z",
      "native_id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0362294",
      "source": "plos",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0362294"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "plos:microbiology",
      "subfield": "microbiology"
    },
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "plos:biotechnology",
      "subfield": "systems-synthetic"
    },
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "plos:pharmacology",
      "subfield": "pharmacology-toxicology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Potential antimicrobial activity, antioxidant, and anti-wrinkle effects of Linum usitatissimum oil nanoemulgel",
  "title_text": "Potential antimicrobial activity, antioxidant, and anti-wrinkle effects of Linum usitatissimum oil nanoemulgel",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-07T12:20:24Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ayameqs3q1njn",
  "venue": "PLOS One",
  "versions": []
}