{
  "abstract": "Background: Fruit ripening in 'Kuerle Xiangli' (Pyrus sinkiangensis Yu) is a complex physiological process orchestrated by ethylene; however, the molecular mechanisms governing ethylene biosynthesis during fruit development to ripening remain incompletely understood. Methods: In this study, we systematically characterized ethylene production, fruit quality parameters, and the ACS (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase) and ACO (ACC oxidase) gene families in 'Kuerle Xiangli' across nine developmental stages from 30 to 150 days after full bloom (DAFB). Results: Ethylene production remained suppressed during fruit growth and expansion but exhibited a massive climacteric burst at the ripening stage (150 DAFB). Soluble solids content peaked at 120 DAFB (16.2%), whereas fruit firmness declined significantly from 135 to 150 DAFB, indicating a temporal asynchrony between sugar accumulation and cell wall disassembly. A total of 12 PsinACS and 5 PsinACO genes were identified from the genome (Pyrus sinkiangensis Yu). Phylogenetic analysis classified the PsinACS proteins into four groups (I-IV) and the PsinACO proteins into two groups (B and C), with Group I ACS members clustering with well-characterized ripening-associated orthologs. Conserved motif and gene structure analyses revealed high conservation within each phylogenetic group. Gene duplication analysis indicated that most PsinACS and PsinACO genes originated from whole-genome duplication or segmental duplication events, with only a few arising from proximal or tandem duplications. Synteny analysis demonstrated strong evolutionary conservation across Rosaceae species, and Ka/Ks ratios (<1) indicated that both gene families have undergone strong purifying selection. Expression profiling by qRT-PCR revealed distinct patterns: PsinACS2, PsinACS3 and PsinACS4 were highly expressed in early fruitlets (30 DAFB), and eight ACS genes (PsinACS1, PsinACS5-9, PsinACS11-12) and PsinACO1 showed maximal expression at 150 DAFB, coinciding with the ethylene climacteric burst. Conclusions: Taken together, combined with phylogenetic tree analysis, indicates that PsinACS1 and PsinACO1 are crucial genes in ethylene biosynthesis that positively regulate fruit ripening. These results provide a comprehensive characterization of the ACS and ACO gene families in P. sinkiangensis and reveal a coordinated transcriptional network that governs ethylene biosynthesis during pear fruit ripening.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China.",
    "Key Laboratory of Special Fruits & Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization of Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi 832003, China.",
    "Workstation for Academician Li Tianlai, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Tingting Fan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Deen Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Wenjie Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Zhihua Guo"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Xiaoyan Lu"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/azw4zen3y77ec.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/biology15191769",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13664455",
  "id": "azw4zen3y77ec",
  "issns": [
    "2079-7737"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42883442",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1110|Postharvest Quality and Shelf Life Management"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7220362437",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13664455?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13664455",
  "pmid": "42883442",
  "published": "2026-10-04",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/azw4zen3y77ec.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:00Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42883442",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42883442"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:1110|Postharvest Quality and Shelf Life Management",
      "subfield": "plant-biology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Ethylene Biosynthesis Dynamics and Genome-Wide Characterization of the ACS and ACO Gene Families During Fruit Development in 'Kuerle Xiangli' (Pyrus sinkiangensis Yu).",
  "title_text": "Ethylene Biosynthesis Dynamics and Genome-Wide Characterization of the ACS and ACO Gene Families During Fruit Development in 'Kuerle Xiangli' (Pyrus sinkiangensis Yu).",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:19:00Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/azw4zen3y77ec",
  "venue": "Biology",
  "versions": []
}