{
  "abstract": "Neuroinflammation marked by increased toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression contributes to the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders. Mitragynine, an indole alkaloid derived from the kratom plant (Mitragyna speciosa Korth), shows promise as a potential pharmacotherapeutic agent for anxiety due to its anti-inflammatory activity. However, the mechanism involved in its anxiolytic effect remains unclear. This study investigated the effects of mitragynine on anxiety-like behaviours, TLR4 expression and oxidative stress in the brains of rats treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Rats received a single 1 mg/kg LPS injection intraperitoneally (i.p.) to induce anxiety. Mitragynine was then administered at doses of 1 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg body weight 1 hour post-LPS administration. The impact of mitragynine on anxiety was assessed using the elevated plus maze (EPM). TLR4 expression was measured using a Western blot, while oxidative stress markers (MDA, GSH, GPx, CAT) were measured using protein assays. Mitragynine ameliorated LPS-induced anxiety behaviours in the EPM. Mitragynine (5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) reversed the effect of LPS on TLR4 expression in the rats' brains. All doses of mitragynine reduced lipid peroxidation in the frontal cortex of LPS-treated rats. As conclusion, the Mitragynine effects on LPS-induced anxiety may be associated with the reduction in TLR4 expression and MDA level.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.",
    "Department of Pharmacology, Sa'adu Zungur University, Bauchi, PMB 65 Itas/Gadau, Bauchi State, Nigeria."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Hanisah Muhammad Faiz"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Suleiman Yunusa"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Muhammad Hazim Abdullah"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Zurina Hassan"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/b0qza4w7rtd86.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.21315/tlsr2026.37.3.8",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13743185",
  "id": "b0qza4w7rtd86",
  "issns": [
    "1985-3718",
    "2180-4249"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42997699",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "3004|Alkaloids: synthesis and pharmacology"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W4400691524",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13743185?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13743185",
  "pmid": "42997699",
  "published": "2026-10-15",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/b0qza4w7rtd86.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-09T15:20:41Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42997699",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42997699"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:3004|Alkaloids: synthesis and pharmacology",
      "subfield": "pharmacology-toxicology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Mitragynine Reverses LPS-Induced Anxiety and Oxidative Stress in Rats via Modulation of Toll-Like Receptor 4 and Malondialdehyde (MDA).",
  "title_text": "Mitragynine Reverses LPS-Induced Anxiety and Oxidative Stress in Rats via Modulation of Toll-Like Receptor 4 and Malondialdehyde (MDA).",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-09T15:20:41Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/b0qza4w7rtd86",
  "venue": "Tropical life sciences research",
  "versions": []
}