{
  "abstract": "Mathematical modelling of sleep is a growing field, with an increasing number of applications to sleep disorders. However, despite its high prevalence and under-diagnosis worldwide, insomnia has not been among these disorders. We chart the development of sleep models and investigate the hypothesis that they can be simply modified to model insomnia, ultimately introducing a new model focusing on nocturnal awakenings as a starting point of insomnia-like behaviour, based on a three process approach. We find that several of these models can make promising steps towards producing nighttime awakenings characteristic of many types of insomnia with minor modifications, but that none can fully reproduce every key criterion with only minor adaptations. In particular, we find that the stability of the sleeping state is an important factor in more complex contemporary neuronal population models’ abilities to incorporate awakenings, with both permanently stable and permanently non-stable sleep proving to be obstacles. Instead, we base our new model on the simpler foundational two process model, incorporating an original, quantitative wakefulness drive. We further analyse the sensitivity of its new parameters and the statistical properties of the nighttime awakening phenomena it produces. This new drive includes both physiology-based arousal impulses and environmental and psychological disturbances, and provides the foundation of a new approach to future quantitative modelling of insomnia phenotypes.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Sir Peter Rigby Digital Futures Institute, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom"
  ],
  "article_type": "Research Article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 2,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Joe Rowland Adams",
      "orcid": "0009-0000-3117-5012"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Maia Angelova",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0931-0916"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/b1ee5kn44ja9m.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0360640",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13734508/",
  "id": "b1ee5kn44ja9m",
  "issns": [
    "1932-6203"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0360640",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Animal Cells"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Biology and Life Sciences"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Cell Biology"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Cellular Neuroscience"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Cellular Types"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Chronobiology"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Clinical Psychology"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Cognitive Psychology"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Cognitive Science"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Computer and Information Sciences"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Dyssomnias"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Homeostasis"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Insomnia"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Mathematical Models"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Mathematical and Statistical Techniques"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Medical Conditions"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Medicine and Health Sciences"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Network Analysis"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Neurology"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Neurons"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Neuroscience"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Physiological Processes"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Physiology"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Psychology"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Research Article"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Research and Analysis Methods"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Sleep"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Sleep Disorders"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Social Sciences"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Cell biology/Cellular types/Animal cells/Neurons"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Chronobiology"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Neuroscience/Cellular neuroscience/Neurons"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Neuroscience/Cognitive science/Cognitive psychology/Clinical psychology"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Physiology/Physiological processes/Homeostasis"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Physiology/Physiological processes/Sleep"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Psychology/Cognitive psychology/Clinical psychology"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Computer and information sciences/Network analysis"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Medical conditions/Sleep disorders/Dyssomnias/Insomnia"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Neurology/Sleep disorders/Dyssomnias/Insomnia"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Research and analysis methods/Mathematical and statistical techniques/Mathematical models"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Social sciences/Psychology/Cognitive psychology/Clinical psychology"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": "PMC13734508",
  "pmid": "42981276",
  "published": "2026-11-04",
  "publisher": "Public Library of Science",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/b1ee5kn44ja9m.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-05T12:20:11Z",
      "native_id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0360640",
      "source": "plos",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0360640"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-08T12:24:00Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13734508",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0360640"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "heading:Cell Biology",
      "subfield": "cell-biology"
    },
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "heading:Neuroscience",
      "subfield": "neuroscience"
    },
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "heading:Neurology",
      "subfield": "neurology"
    },
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "plos:physiology",
      "subfield": "physiology"
    },
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "plos:clinical psychology",
      "subfield": "psychiatry"
    }
  ],
  "title": "A three process approach for insomnia-like awakenings",
  "title_text": "A three process approach for insomnia-like awakenings",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-08T12:24:00Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/b1ee5kn44ja9m",
  "venue": "PLOS One",
  "versions": []
}