{
  "abstract": "The detailed evolution of triple star systems is complicated and poorly known. Using archived optical/infrared and gamma-ray data, we identified the pulsar PSR J0435+3233 as a gamma-ray pulsar in a hierarchical triple system, with a helium white dwarf (WD) as a close inner binary companion and a Sun-like star as the distant tertiary. PSR J0435+3233 and the WD companion are in a circular orbit with a period of P orb1 = 8.0 days and an eccentricity of e = 0.00016. The tertiary is a G-type subgiant with a mass of 0.98(12) M ⊙ at a distance of 2.1(4) kpc from the Earth. By simultaneously fitting the observed spin-period variations of the gamma-ray emission (over 16.7 yr) and radio emission (over 4.9 yr) from PSR J0435+3233, the changes in the inner orbital parameters, the Shapiro delay, Gaia astrometry, and the outer companion mass, we determined the outer elliptical orbit for the tertiary, with a period P orb2 = 73.5 yr and an eccentricity e ₂ = 0.598. The outer orbit is either nearly perpendicular to the inner orbit with a mutual inclination of ∼85 ∘ , or moderately inclined by ∼54 ∘ . For the former geometry, the pulsar, the WD, and the tertiary star have masses of 1.16(5) M ⊙ , 0.273(8) M ⊙ , and 0.91(5) M ⊙ , respectively; for the latter geometry, the corresponding masses are 1.34(15) M ⊙ , 0.305(23) M ⊙ , and 1.13(7) M ⊙ . This is a unique triple system for detailed multiband observations and for studying the evolutionary path and dynamic processes of a primordial triple star system. It will ultimately evolve into a system consisting of a neutron star and two WDs.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Chinese Academy of Sciences",
    "University of Chinese Academy of Sciences",
    "State Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy and Technology",
    "Zhejiang University",
    "Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)",
    "Xiamen University",
    "Beijing Normal University"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 12,
  "authors": [
    {
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        0
      ],
      "name": "Z. L. Yang",
      "orcid": "0009-0009-6590-1540"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "J. L. Han",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9274-3092"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yi Yan",
      "orcid": "0009-0008-1612-9948"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Bin Liu",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0643-8295"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Y. L. Guo",
      "orcid": "0009-0008-2437-0184"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "M.K. Yang",
      "orcid": "0009-0000-6595-2537"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Bo Wang",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3231-1167"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Wei-Min Gu",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3137-1851"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "J. Li",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2577-1990"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "L. H. Li",
      "orcid": "0009-0007-5354-2611"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2
      ],
      "name": "J. Xu",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1778-5580"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Jian-Ning Fu",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8241-1740"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/b1vkq5zc82x6g.bib",
  "cited_by": 1,
  "doi": "10.3847/2041-8213/aeaa29",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "b1vkq5zc82x6g",
  "issns": [
    "2041-8205",
    "2041-8213"
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  "landing_url": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/aeaa29",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
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      "openalex",
      "3103|Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research"
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  "pdf_url": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/aeaa29/pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-08",
  "publisher": "American Astronomical Society",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/b1vkq5zc82x6g.ris",
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    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:13Z",
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "astronomy",
      "origin": "openalex:3103|Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research",
      "subfield": "high-energy-astrophysics"
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  "title": "The PSR J0435+3233 Triple System",
  "title_text": "The PSR J0435+3233 Triple System",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:13Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/b1vkq5zc82x6g",
  "venue": "The Astrophysical Journal Letters",
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    {
      "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2608.01227",
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      "relation": "preprint",
      "title": "The PSR J0435+3233 Triple System",
      "venue": "arXiv"
    }
  ]
}