{
  "abstract": "Pressure-related quantities such as internal pressure, cell expansion, and housing deformation are promising mechanical indicators of lithium-ion battery ageing because they are directly linked to degradation processes such as gas formation, lithium plating, and interphase growth. However, existing studies are largely limited to single-cell experiments under controlled laboratory conditions and do not provide a systematic framework for larger battery systems. This work reviews pressure- and expansion-based diagnostic approaches and derives a structured methodology for their practical application. The framework includes representative operating conditions, format-dependent assignment of measurement principles, sensor placement, sensor selection, and cycle-wise data processing. The results show that pressure-based diagnostics must be understood as a format-dependent methodological family, with dilatometric or force-based approaches being most suitable for pouch cells and strain-based methods for rigid housings. Overall, the study provides a scalable basis for integrating mechanical ageing diagnostics into future battery monitoring systems. The framework further describes the mechanical coupling of cells within a module, which determines both the magnitude of the measurable signal and the extent to which the state of individual cells can be resolved.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Production Engineering of E-Mobility Components (PEM), RWTH Aachen University, 52072 Aachen, Germany"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Maximilian Graaf",
      "orcid": "0009-0008-1715-1792"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Tim Neugebauer"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Niklas Kisseler",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6462-3042"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Heiner H. Heimes",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5960-232X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Achim Kampker",
      "orcid": "0009-0007-7081-1916"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/b2p1yy1pppx7s.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/batteries12110472",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "b2p1yy1pppx7s",
  "issns": [
    "2313-0105"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/12/11/472",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-06",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/b2p1yy1pppx7s.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-06T12:21:06Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/batteries12110472",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/12/11/472"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "issn:2313-0105",
      "subfield": "electrochemistry-energy"
    }
  ],
  "title": "State-of-Health Diagnostics in Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Methodological Framework for Scalable Mechanical Ageing Assessments",
  "title_text": "State-of-Health Diagnostics in Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Methodological Framework for Scalable Mechanical Ageing Assessments",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-08T00:22:06Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/b2p1yy1pppx7s",
  "venue": "Batteries",
  "versions": []
}