{
  "abstract": "Blood group distribution and serological compatibility are poorly characterized in donkeys. We estimated the apparent Ca positive-test frequency in 84 domestic donkeys and assessed donkey-donkey and horse-donkey crossmatch reactivity. Ca typing was performed using a commercial equine immunochromatographic assay. For donkey-donkey crossmatching, one major and one minor crossmatch were analyzed for each of the 77 Ca-concordant and 34 Ca-discordant pairs. Fifty-six of eighty-four donkeys yielded a positive result with the equine Ca assay (66.7%; 95% CI, 56.1-75.8%). Major combined macroscopic/microscopic reactivity occurred in 18/77 Ca-concordant and 11/34 Ca-discordant pairs, whereas minor combined reactivity occurred in 21/77 and 8/34 pairs, respectively. In crossed random-effects logistic models, the adjusted odds ratios for Ca-discordant versus Ca-concordant pairs were 1.56 (95% CI, 0.64-3.82) for major combined reactivity, 0.82 (95% CI, 0.32-2.10) for minor combined reactivity, and 1.57 (95% CI, 0.41-5.94) for major macroscopic reactivity; the minor macroscopic model was not estimable. Horse-donkey reactions were frequent and direction-dependent. When donkey plasma was tested against horse RBCs, combined reactivity occurred in 80/80 tests in the horse-donor/donkey-recipient dataset and in 76/76 tests in the reciprocal dataset, with macroscopic reactivity in 77/80 (96.3%) and 74/76 (97.4%), respectively. In the reciprocal horse-plasma/donkey-RBC direction, combined reactivity occurred in 53/80 (66.3%) and 51/76 (67.1%) tests, with macroscopic reactivity in 32/80 (40.0%) and 32/76 (42.1%), respectively. Ca concordance was not significantly associated with crossmatch reactivity in the present dataset, and Ca status alone did not account for the observed crossmatch-reactivity pattern.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali (DIVAS), Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Chiara Bozzola",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4237-1152"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Enrica Zucca",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0494-1329"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Eva Spada",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3898-6955"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Luciana Baggiani",
      "orcid": "0009-0009-7240-303X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Roberta Perego",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8241-907X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Daniela Proverbio",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3922-6069"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/b42meaq9vkvqq.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/ani16203204",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13700571",
  "id": "b42meaq9vkvqq",
  "issns": [
    "2076-2615"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42939135",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2720|Blood groups and transfusion"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221518918",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13700571?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13700571",
  "pmid": "42939135",
  "published": "2026-10-12",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/b42meaq9vkvqq.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:22:24Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42939135",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42939135"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2720|Blood groups and transfusion",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Apparent Ca Test Positivity and Crossmatch Reactivity in Donkeys from Italy: Intraspecies and Horse-Donkey Compatibility.",
  "title_text": "Apparent Ca Test Positivity and Crossmatch Reactivity in Donkeys from Italy: Intraspecies and Horse-Donkey Compatibility.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:22:24Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/b42meaq9vkvqq",
  "venue": "Animals : an open access journal from MDPI",
  "versions": []
}