{
  "abstract": "Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) has emerged as a promising scaffold material in regenerative medicine owing to its biodegradability, mechanical strength, and processability. However, its intrinsic hydrophobicity and lack of bioactive motifs restrict cell-material interactions and clinical translation. This review synthesizes advances in PCL surface functionalization, contrasting conventional approaches, such as plasma treatment, hydrolysis/aminolysis, copolymerization, and protein adsorption, with emerging strategies, including layer-by-layer assembly, bioinspired coatings, and nanocomposite engineering. Particular attention is given to how tailored surface chemistries regulate wettability, integrin-mediated adhesion, extracellular matrix deposition, and lineage-specific differentiation. Beyond summarizing methods, this article critically examines translational challenges: balancing modification density with scaffold integrity, spatiotemporal delivery of bioactive cues, immune responses, and long-term in vivo stability. Finally, we highlight future opportunities in bio-orthogonal chemistry, 4D-printed responsive scaffolds, and AI-guided design that are poised to transform PCL from a versatile polymer into a clinically relevant platform for personalized regenerative therapies.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Masoumeh.education@gmail.com zahmatkeshan.m@iums.ac.ir.",
    "Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran.",
    "Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran.",
    "Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran.",
    "Institute of Biomaterials, University of Tehran & Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IBUTUMS) Tehran Iran.",
    "Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran.",
    "Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran adel.mo@iums.ac.ir.",
    "Colorectal Research Center, Trauma and Injury Research Center, Burn Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran."
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Seyed Mohammad Hosseini",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1036-2043"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Masoumeh Zahmatkeshan",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6511-520X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Khadijeh Falahzadeh"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Erfan Khalatbari"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Fariba Esmaeili"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Shiva Velayati"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Abolfazl Akbarzadeh"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6,
        7
      ],
      "name": "Moein Adel"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/b4vp4151jskc4.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1039/d6na00015k",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13725868/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "b4vp4151jskc4",
  "issns": [
    "2516-0230"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13725868",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Chemistry"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2204|Bone Tissue Engineering Materials"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7225097642",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13725868/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13725868",
  "pmid": "42974000",
  "published": "2026-11-02",
  "publisher": "Royal Society of Chemistry",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/b4vp4151jskc4.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-03T15:20:51Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13725868",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13725868"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T15:20:47Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42974000",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42974000"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-05T12:22:19Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13725868",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1039/d6na00015k"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "heading:Chemistry",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Functionalization of polycaprolactone scaffolds for tissue engineering: molecular cues, bioactive cell–material interfaces, and translational perspectives",
  "title_text": "Functionalization of polycaprolactone scaffolds for tissue engineering: molecular cues, bioactive cell–material interfaces, and translational perspectives",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-06T12:21:57Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/b4vp4151jskc4",
  "venue": "Nanoscale advances",
  "versions": []
}