{
  "abstract": "Electrical stimulation (ES) and transepithelial/transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements are essential techniques in cell biology and tissue engineering, yet commercial devices for these applications cost between USD 2,500-9,000 and typically offer only one functionality. We present LATEER (Low-cost Arduino-based TEER and Electrical stimulation device), an open-source hardware platform that combines both ES and TEER measurement capabilities at a total cost below USD 100. The device features four independent channels, configurable pulsatile signals (amplitude up to 8.2 V, frequency 0.1-500 Hz, pulse width [≥]0.1 ms), and a resistance measurement range of 300 {Omega} to 1 M{Omega}, with <5% error for R [≥] 4.7 k{Omega}. LATEER uses commercially available graphite pencil leads as electrodes ({approx}USD 2 vs. USD 350 for commercial Ag/AgCl electrodes), which demonstrated excellent biocompatibility in cell culture. The system includes 3D-printed electrode holders compatible with standard 12-well and 24-well plates, allowing microscope visualization without electrode removal, and a Python-based graphical user interface for parameter configuration and real-time data acquisition. Because the electrodes remain fixed in the plate lid and only a single cable enters the incubator, both stimulation and resistance measurement can run continuously under standard culture conditions (37 {degrees}C, 5% CO2) without removing the plate or repositioning the electrodes, avoiding the temperature excursions and placement variability inherent to manual chopstick measurements. Validation with human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes demonstrated reliable frequency capture (electrical pacing) of the contracting monolayer, with a capture threshold between 250 and 400 mV/mm and controlled pacing across the 0.5-5 Hz range. TEER functionality was verified with mesenchymal stem cells, where the device resolved cell-density-dependent differences in electrical resistance in real time. All design files, firmware, and software are freely available under the CERN-OHL-S v2 license, enabling replication and customization by research laboratories worldwide.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "INEU-CONICET; FLENI;"
  ],
  "article_type": "New results",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 2,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "F. DeLillo"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "J. Smucler"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/b4z5nmc4e5ggm.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.64898/2026.08.06.743263",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.08.06.743263v2.full",
  "id": "b4z5nmc4e5ggm",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.08.06.743263v2",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "biorxiv",
      "bioengineering"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2804|Neuroscience and Neural Engineering"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7201834520",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.08.06.743263v2.full.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-08-06",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/b4z5nmc4e5ggm.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:26:53Z",
      "native_id": "10.64898/2026.08.06.743263",
      "source": "biorxiv",
      "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.08.06.743263v2"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "biorxiv:bioengineering",
      "subfield": "systems-synthetic"
    }
  ],
  "title": "LATEER: Low-Cost Open-Source Platform for Electrical Stimulation and TEER Measurement in Human Cardiomyocytes",
  "title_text": "LATEER: Low-Cost Open-Source Platform for Electrical Stimulation and TEER Measurement in Human Cardiomyocytes",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:26:53Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/b4z5nmc4e5ggm",
  "venue": "bioRxiv",
  "versions": []
}