{
  "abstract": "Coal and gas outburst (CGO) remains one of the most severe dynamic hazards in deep coal mining. Increasing burial depth challenges conventional single-factor criteria. This critical review synthesizes advances in CGO mechanisms reported between 2015 and 2025, focusing on three fundamental challenges: the limited applicability of the 0.74 MPa gas-pressure threshold under deep conditions, the nonmonotonic thermal regulation of gas adsorption–desorption and transport, and the apparent high-storage–low-trigger paradox of tectonically deformed coal (TDC). Comparative assessment of elastic-energy- and adsorbed-gas-dominated theories indicates that deep outbursts are better interpreted as condition-dependent competition among elastic strain energy, gas expansion work, fracture-energy consumption, and dissipative processes. Reported values further show that coal deformation/fracture energy and gas expansion energy can become comparable in magnitude, whereas the fraction of adsorbed-gas energy converted into dynamic work remains highly uncertain. Temperature exerts competing influence on sorption, transport, deformation, and energy redistribution, while TDC combines high gas-storage capacity, low permeability, and low mechanical strength, favoring pressure disequilibrium and structural instability. Three priority research questions emerge: quantifying adsorbed-gas energy conversion into dynamic work, establishing cross-scale similarity and validation for thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) coupling, and developing physics-constrained prediction of nonlinear instability. These advances provide a pathway from single-index hazard identification toward mechanism-informed, multiparameter early warning.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Anhui University of Science and Technology , , ,"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 2,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Youping Xu",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7325-0241"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Wenxin Huang"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/b5fs13m7cr3p8.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1021/acsomega.6c10350",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "b5fs13m7cr3p8",
  "issns": [
    "2470-1343"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://pubs.acs.org/acsodf/article/doi/10.1021/acsomega.6c10350/5463474/Three-Fundamental-Challenges-in-Deep-Coal-and-Gas",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": "https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsomega.6c10350",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-04",
  "publisher": "American Chemical Society (ACS)",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/b5fs13m7cr3p8.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T12:21:04Z",
      "native_id": "10.1021/acsomega.6c10350",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://pubs.acs.org/acsodf/article/doi/10.1021/acsomega.6c10350/5463474/Three-Fundamental-Challenges-in-Deep-Coal-and-Gas"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "issn:2470-1343",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Three Fundamental Challenges in Deep Coal and Gas Outburst: Progress, Controversies, and Future Perspectives",
  "title_text": "Three Fundamental Challenges in Deep Coal and Gas Outburst: Progress, Controversies, and Future Perspectives",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-06T00:21:08Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/b5fs13m7cr3p8",
  "venue": "ACS Omega",
  "versions": []
}