{
  "abstract": "Background: The corpus callosum (CC) is the largest white matter structure and is often affected in neurological and neuroimmunological disorders. However, previous studies mainly used group-level comparisons. This limits patient-level magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessment.\n\nMethods: In this multicenter retrospective study, 3D T ₁ -weighted MRI data from 24,305 healthy controls aged 4–85 years were used to construct age-,sex-, and estimated total intracranial volume (eTIV)- adjusted normative references for the whole CC and five subregions. Deviation scores were calculated and applied to 4,081 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS, n = 573), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD, n = 389), mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n = 308), Alzheimer’s disease (AD, n = 623), Parkinson’s disease (PD, n = 1,285), and cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD, n = 903). Classification, clinical correlation, and prognostic analyses were performed as exploratory applications.\n\nResults: The volume of CC subregions peaked from early adulthood (central, 26.0 years) to midlife (posterior, 47.2 years; anterior, 47.5 years), forming a “centre-to-periphery” pattern. MS showed negative deviations mainly in central and mid-anterior regions (Cohen’s d = −0.28 to −0.30, p FDR<0.001), while CSVD and AD showed widespread negative deviations ( d = −0.13 to −0.49). NMOSD, MCI, and PD showed relatively small or regionally limited deviations. Deviation score based classification performance ranged from AUC = 0.598–0.775. Exploratory analyses identified weak correlations between deviation scores and processing speed in MS (Spearman’s ρ up to 0.22, p < 0.05) and cognition in CSVD ( ρ = 0.12–0.19, p < 0.05) and AD ( ρ = 0.10–0.16, p < 0.05). None survived FDR correction. Baseline deviation-based risk groups stratified subsequent relapse and disability outcomes in MS and NMOSD ( p < 0.001). An exploratory comparison suggested a nominal difference in baseline CC deviation burden between MCI converters and non-converters to AD.\n\nConclusion: Lifespan normative references of the CC provide a quantitative framework for characterizing individual structural deviations across neurological and neuroimmunological disorders. Exploratory clinical analyses suggest potential applications that require further validation.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University",
    "Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences and Department of Psychology, University of Macau",
    "Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China",
    "Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University",
    "Philips (China) Investment Co., Ltd.",
    "Institute of Research and Clinical Innovations, Neusoft Medical Systems Co., Ltd.",
    "China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases",
    "Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London",
    "Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London",
    "Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau",
    "Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 20,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yuqi Luo"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Li Chai"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Kun Chen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xiaozhou Du"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Tianyu Gao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yuerong Lizhu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Jun Qiu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Decai Tian"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Jinyuan Weng"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Jun Xu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Siyao Xu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xiaolu Xu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Renlong Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Yunyun Duan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7,
        8
      ],
      "name": "James Cole"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        9
      ],
      "name": "Zhen Yuan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Haiyan Wu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Zhizheng Zhuo"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        6,
        10
      ],
      "name": "Yaou Liu"
    },
    {
      "name": "CHART Investigators"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/b7xadxd2qtbm5.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fneur.2026.1970514",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "b7xadxd2qtbm5",
  "issns": [
    "1664-2295"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2026.1970514/full",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-02",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/b7xadxd2qtbm5.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-02T12:24:08Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fneur.2026.1970514",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2026.1970514/full"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "issn:1664-2295",
      "subfield": "neurology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Normative references of corpus callosum across lifespan and application in neurological and neuroimmunological disorders",
  "title_text": "Normative references of corpus callosum across lifespan and application in neurological and neuroimmunological disorders",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-04T00:26:58Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/b7xadxd2qtbm5",
  "venue": "Frontiers in Neurology",
  "versions": []
}