{
  "abstract": "Obesity in the 21st century has become a global epidemic owing to its heterogeneous aetiology and clinical presentation, as well as the development of associated comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, type2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obstructive sleep apnoea, and obesity-related cancers. Notably, cardiovascular disease and diabetes are major contributors to obesity-associated morbidity and mortality. Current diagnostic approaches rely predominantly on anthropometric measurements, which have proven limited in their ability to provide accurate and clinically meaningful stratification of patients with obesity. Consequently, obesity treatments, including metabolic surgery and pharmacological therapies, remain insufficiently tailored to the wide variability in obesity-related genotypes, phenotypes, and endotypes. In this context, a personalised medical approach offers considerable promise. A clear overview of currently effective diagnostic tools and treatments, as well as future possibilities, is therefore needed. Recent developments in precision medicine, multi-omics, biomarkers, and advanced diagnostic technologies may facilitate improved patient stratification and support more individualized therapeutic strategies. Together, these approaches may contribute to a more comprehensive, evidence-based, and patient-centered framework for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of obesity and its complications.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "The 6th Surgical Department, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tabacarilor 9-11, 400139 Cluj-Napoca, Romania",
    "Department of Nanosciences, MEDFUTURE—Institute for Biomedical Research, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Louis Pasteur 4-6, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania",
    "Department of Pharmaceutical Physics & Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Louis Pasteur 6, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania",
    "Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Dental Medicine Faculty, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cardinal Iuliu Hossu 37, 400029 Cluj-Napoca, Romania",
    "Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Dental Materials, Division Dental Propaedeutics, Aesthetics, Dental Medicine Faculty, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Clinicilor 32, 400001 Cluj-Napoca, Romania",
    "Faculty of Physics, Babes-Bolyai University, Mihail Kogălniceanu 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania",
    "General Medicine Faculty, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Victor Babes 8, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania",
    "Department of Surgery, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Clinicilor 3-5, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania",
    "Nanotechnology Laboratory, TRANSCEND Research Center, Regional Institute of Oncology, General Henri Mathias Berthelot 2-4, 700483 Iaşi, Romania"
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 12,
  "authors": [
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        0
      ],
      "name": "Andrei Modog",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6990-6933"
    },
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      "name": "Anca Onaciu",
      "orcid": "0009-0009-6559-9740"
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        1,
        2,
        3,
        4
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      "name": "Rareș-Mario Borșa",
      "orcid": "0009-0007-1754-2681"
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      ],
      "name": "Valentin Toma",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8322-1180"
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      "name": "Paula Matei"
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    {
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      "name": "Louise Tedeschi"
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    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Cristian Bibu"
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    {
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    {
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      "name": "Călin Ionescu"
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    {
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        2,
        8
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      "orcid": "0000-0001-6769-1545"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Răzvan Scurtu",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7204-3988"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/b9hhq6q5trbg0.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/jcm15208080",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13705722/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "b9hhq6q5trbg0",
  "issns": [
    "2077-0383"
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  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/15/20/8080",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
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  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13705722/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13705722",
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/b9hhq6q5trbg0.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:01Z",
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    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:21:47Z",
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      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13705722"
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2746|Bariatric Surgery and Outcomes",
      "subfield": "surgery"
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  ],
  "title": "Obesity in the 21st Century: Where Do We Stand?",
  "title_text": "Obesity in the 21st Century: Where Do We Stand?",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:21:47Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/b9hhq6q5trbg0",
  "venue": "Journal of Clinical Medicine",
  "versions": []
}