{
  "abstract": "Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) are produced through mechanical, chemical, and ultraviolet-mediated degradation of plastics and may enter the human bloodstream via ingestion, inhalation, dermal exposure, and iatrogenic sources. Their detection in human blood, atheromas, and thrombi has raised concerns that they may contribute to thrombogenesis. We conducted a structured narrative review of English-language studies indexed in PubMed, Embase, and Scopus over the preceding 15 years, up to March 31, 2026. The search identified 981 database records and 39 additional manually identified articles; after removing duplicates and screening, 72 articles were included. Evidence was synthesized according to Virchow's triad, focusing on endothelial injury, altered blood flow, hypercoagulability, cellular uptake, polymer type, surface charge, weathering, and protein corona formation. MNPs may contribute to all 3 components of Virchow's triad. Proposed mechanisms include oxidative endothelial injury, glycocalyx disruption, monocyte adhesion, foam-cell formation, plaque instability, immune cell-mediated microvascular obstruction, platelet activation, NETosis, von Willebrand factor interactions, factor XII activation, thrombin generation, and fibrin-rich clot stabilization. These effects appear to vary with particle size, polymer composition, surface charge, and environmental weathering. However, mechanistic evidence largely comes from polystyrene nanoparticle models, whereas human thrombus and atheroma studies more commonly detect polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride. MNPs are biologically plausible contributors to thrombogenesis, but their clinical relevance remains uncertain. Prospective human studies, standardized contamination-controlled detection methods, and dose-response experiments using clinically relevant particles and concentrations are required.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Haematology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.",
    "The Queen Elizabeth Kings Lynn National Health Service Foundation Trust, Kings Lynn, United Kingdom.",
    "Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom.",
    "Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.",
    "Australia and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.",
    "Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.",
    "Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.",
    "KLARIS Precision Health Research Clinic, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.",
    "Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.",
    "Northern Clinical Diagnostics and Thrombovascular Research Centre, Northern Health, Epping, Victoria, Australia.",
    "Department of Medicine, Northern Health, University of Melbourne, Epping, Victoria, Australia.",
    "School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.",
    "Division of Hematology & Oncology, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.",
    "Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.",
    "Haematology Department, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, New South Wales Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.",
    "Sydney Centres for Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Research and Education Network, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.",
    "School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia.",
    "School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia."
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 14,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Rhesha Balwan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yu Yue Hew"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Gerard Gurumurthy"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xiao Wei Ang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Ryan Ruiyang Ling"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3,
        5,
        6,
        7
      ],
      "name": "Chuanhui Xu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3,
        5,
        7,
        8
      ],
      "name": "Ying Jie Chee"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3,
        5,
        7,
        8
      ],
      "name": "Rinkoo Dalan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9,
        10,
        11
      ],
      "name": "Prahlad Ho"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9,
        10
      ],
      "name": "Hui Yin Lim"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        12
      ],
      "name": "Barbara D Lam"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        13
      ],
      "name": "Jecko Thachil"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        14,
        15,
        16,
        17
      ],
      "name": "Emmanuel J Favaloro"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        3,
        5,
        7,
        9,
        10
      ],
      "name": "Bingwen Eugene Fan"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ba12km1f2cd5n.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1016/j.rpth.2026.106931",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13677222",
  "id": "ba12km1f2cd5n",
  "issns": [
    "2475-0379"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42894845",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2310|Microplastics and Plastic Pollution"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7204545297",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13677222?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13677222",
  "pmid": "42894845",
  "published": "2026-08-28",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ba12km1f2cd5n.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:41Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42894845",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42894845"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "earth",
      "origin": "openalex:2310|Microplastics and Plastic Pollution",
      "subfield": "environmental-science"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Microplastics, nanoplastics, and thrombogenesis.",
  "title_text": "Microplastics, nanoplastics, and thrombogenesis.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:19:41Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ba12km1f2cd5n",
  "venue": "Research and practice in thrombosis and haemostasis",
  "versions": []
}