{
  "abstract": "Hypertension is a major cardiovascular risk factor, but its epidemiology in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) remains unclear. Whether PwMS have a higher prevalence of hypertension than the general population, the potential pathways linking the two conditions, and the association between hypertension and MS-related outcomes remain incompletely understood. This narrative review summarizes current evidence on the prevalence of hypertension in PwMS, examines potential immunological, autonomic, vascular, behavioral, and treatment-related pathways that may link MS and hypertension, and explores how MS disease-modifying therapies may influence blood pressure regulation. It also reviews evidence on the association between hypertension and neurological disability, mobility, cognitive function, visual outcomes, and markers of neurodegeneration in PwMS, as well as hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in women with MS. Finally, it discusses the clinical implications of these findings and identifies priorities for future research.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt.",
    "Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 112612, United Arab Emirates.",
    "Ada'a Health Center, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11176, Saudi Arabia.",
    "Directorate of Health Affairs, Ministry of Health and Population, Menoufia 32951, Egypt.",
    "Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt.",
    "Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dhurma Hospital, Riyadh 19839, Saudi Arabia.",
    "National Breastfeeding Program, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11176, Saudi Arabia."
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ahmed Arafa",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3335-2243"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Amira S A Said",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6341-3553"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Ehab Elkady",
      "orcid": "0009-0003-8080-9095"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Alshimaa Mostafa"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Mona S Ibrahim"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Doaa Mahmoud Khalil",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9003-0136"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/baxwpd568c9pj.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/diseases14100376",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13703383",
  "id": "baxwpd568c9pj",
  "issns": [
    "2079-9721"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42930003",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2734|Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221679499",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13703383?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13703383",
  "pmid": "42930003",
  "published": "2026-10-13",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/baxwpd568c9pj.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:22:01Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42930003",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42930003"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2734|Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Hypertension in People with Multiple Sclerosis: Epidemiology, Mechanisms, Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy, and Clinical Implications.",
  "title_text": "Hypertension in People with Multiple Sclerosis: Epidemiology, Mechanisms, Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy, and Clinical Implications.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:22:01Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/baxwpd568c9pj",
  "venue": "Diseases (Basel, Switzerland)",
  "versions": []
}