{
  "abstract": "Evidence linking ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure to childhood neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) remains mixed. We conducted a cohort study (2001-2013) of 1,547,244 Medicaid-enrolled mother-child pairs to assess associations between zip-code-level PM2.5 exposure during preconception (12-week), prenatal (37-week), and postnatal (3-year) periods and children's NDD risk. Cox proportional hazards models estimated risks of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), learning difficulty (LD), speech/language disorder, developmental coordination disorder (DCD), intellectual disability, and behavioral disorder, adjusting for demographics, meteorological characteristics, and area-level socioeconomic indicators. Distributed lag models assessed critical exposure windows and cumulative effects. A 10 μg/m3 increase in cumulative prenatal PM2.5 exposure was associated with higher ASD risk (Hazard ratio (HR):1.17; 95%CI:1.00,1.37). A critical exposure window for ASD existed during gestational weeks 23-31 (HR:1.09 95%CI:[1.02,1.17]). Cumulative prenatal PM2.5 exposure was associated with increased ID risk among Hispanic individuals (HR:1.57 95%CI:[1.02,2.43]) but not among other races/ethnicities. Postnatal PM2.5 exposure was associated with increased ADHD risk (HR:1.17 95%CI:[0.94,1.46]) at age 0 years and DCD risk (HR:1.72 95%CI:[0.97,3.07]) at age 1 year. No associations between PM2.5 exposure and other NDDs were found. Prenatal and postnatal PM2.5 exposure may increase the risk of some NDDs among low-income U.S. children.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States.",
    "Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States.",
    "Cardiovascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts02215, United States.",
    "Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States.",
    "Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States.",
    "Department of Environmental Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York10029, United States.",
    "Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States.",
    "University Hospital of Ioannina, Department of Psychiatry, Ioannina455 00, Greece.",
    "Lurie Center for Autism, Massachusetts General Hospital, Lexington, Massachusetts02421, United States.",
    "Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts02155, United States.",
    "Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey08854, United States."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 15,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Matthew Shupler",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0259-9101"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Xinye Qiu",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9760-5932"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Krista F Huybrechts"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Sonia Hernandez-Diaz"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Wanyu Huang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Hayon Michelle Choi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Michael Leung"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Yaguang Wei",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6796-7510"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Joel Schwartz"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Brent Coull"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Evgenia Papatheodorou"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8,
        9
      ],
      "name": "Christopher J McDougle"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Antonella Zanobetti"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Marc Weisskopf"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        10
      ],
      "name": "Stefania Papatheodorou",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9451-9094"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bbzn0xgmbmewd.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1021/acs.est.6c03766",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13674074",
  "id": "bbzn0xgmbmewd",
  "issns": [
    "0013-936X",
    "1520-5851"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42915978",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2307|Air Quality and Health Impacts"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7214609820",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13674074?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13674074",
  "pmid": "42915978",
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bbzn0xgmbmewd.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:36Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42915978",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42915978"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2307|Air Quality and Health Impacts",
      "subfield": "pharmacology-toxicology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Preconception, Prenatal and Postnatal PM2.5 Exposure and Neurodevelopmental Disorder Risk among Medicaid Recipients.",
  "title_text": "Preconception, Prenatal and Postnatal PM2.5 Exposure and Neurodevelopmental Disorder Risk among Medicaid Recipients.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:20:36Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bbzn0xgmbmewd",
  "venue": "Environmental science & technology",
  "versions": []
}