{
  "abstract": "Owing to their outstanding electro-optic (EO) coefficients, relaxor ferroelectric crystals are promising candidates for next-generation integrated optoelectronic devices, particularly high-performance EO modulators. However, the realization of high-performance EO modulators relies on high-quality optical waveguides, which remains a critical challenge for relaxor ferroelectric crystals. Here, we report the fabrication of a planar waveguide in surface layer of the Pb(In1/2Nb2/3)O₃-Pb(Mg1/2Nb2/3)O₃-PbTiO₃ (PIN-PMN-PT) relaxor ferroelectric single crystal using the He⁺ ion implantation technique. He⁺ implantation generates a subsurface damaged layer confined hundreds of nanometers below the crystal surface within the submicron range, whereas the overlying near-surface region retains a pristine single-crystal lattice. Moreover, the energy range of He ion implantation is 100-380 keV, and the damaged layer exhibits a reduced refractive index (maximum Δn ≈ 2.8%), which supports well-defined waveguide modes in the surface crystalline layer, as proved in the prism coupling measurement. The reconstructed refractive index profiles of the He⁺-implanted waveguide exhibit a characteristic optical barrier structure. This work not only clarifies the effects of He⁺ ion implantation on the structural properties of the PIN-PMN-PT single crystal but also provides an effective strategy for fabricating surface planar optical waveguides, thereby addressing a critical bottleneck for the application in integrated EO modulators.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Electronic Materials Research Laboratory Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & International Center for Dielectric Research School of Electronic Information Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 9,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Binbin Zhang",
      "orcid": "0009-0004-0231-1598"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Qingyuan Hu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xin Liu",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2815-9411"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yongyong Zhuang",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9200-5578"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yuebin Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Wentao Yang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Wenxu Huang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Zhuo Xu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xiaoyong Wei",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9677-4227"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bc8nm9d3j5z2q.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1002/nap2.70349",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13724080",
  "id": "bc8nm9d3j5z2q",
  "issns": [
    "2192-8606",
    "2192-8614"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42968989",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Research Article"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "3107|Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7225056847",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13724080?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13724080",
  "pmid": "42968989",
  "published": "2026-11-01",
  "publisher": "Wiley",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bc8nm9d3j5z2q.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-03T15:20:53Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42968989",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42968989"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T12:22:36Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13724080",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/nap2.70349"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "physics",
      "origin": "openalex:3107|Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics",
      "subfield": "optics-photonics"
    }
  ],
  "title": "PIN-PMN-PT Surface Planar Waveguides Realized via He⁺ Implantation.",
  "title_text": "PIN-PMN-PT Surface Planar Waveguides Realized via He⁺ Implantation.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-05T12:20:47Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bc8nm9d3j5z2q",
  "venue": "Nanophotonics (Berlin, Germany)",
  "versions": []
}