{
  "abstract": "Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder, and the long-term use of topical corticosteroids is often limited by adverse effects and poor tolerability. Herein, we developed CAAM-G, a corticosteroid-free hydrogel platform composed of carboxymethyl cellulose, acrylamide and acrylic acid, and loaded with Gentiana macrophylla Pall.-derived extracellular vesicle-like nanovesicles (GELNs) and L-menthol. The hydrogel exhibited favorable mechanical properties, tissue adhesion and swelling capacity. Under mildly to moderately alkaline conditions relevant to lesional AD skin, it exhibited pH-dependent release of GELNs and menthol. The released menthol enhanced the cutaneous distribution of PKH26-labeled GELN-associated fluorescence in a porcine skin Franz diffusion model. In vitro, GELN-containing formulations efficiently scavenged reactive oxygen species, suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and promoted macrophage polarization toward an M2-like phenotype. In the 2,4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene-induced AD-like mouse model, the high-dose formulation, CAAM-GH, significantly alleviated ear swelling, epidermal thickening, mast cell infiltration and other AD-like manifestations. For several evaluated endpoints, CAAM-GH produced greater improvement than the dexamethasone reference group. No evident treatment-associated systemic toxicity was detected under the experimental conditions. Integrated transcriptomic and Western blot analyses indicated suppression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)-associated pro-inflammatory signaling. These findings support CAAM-G as a promising corticosteroid-free topical platform for the treatment of AD, although further pharmacological and toxicological evaluation is required before clinical translation.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Kaizheng Li",
      "orcid": "0009-0008-8295-0558"
    },
    {
      "name": "Mengnan Dai"
    },
    {
      "name": "Chao Xu"
    },
    {
      "name": "Zengjie Fan"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bct1pqwgpc6zk.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1093/rb/rbag196",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13730573/",
  "id": "bct1pqwgpc6zk",
  "issns": [
    "2056-3418",
    "2056-3426"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/rb/rbag196",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "AcademicSubjects/MED00010"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "AcademicSubjects/SCI01410"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Research Article"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "3003|Advancements in Transdermal Drug Delivery"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7207846319",
  "pdf_url": "https://academic.oup.com/rb/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/rb/rbag196/70948281/rbag196.pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13730573",
  "pmid": "42979597",
  "published": "2026-09-03",
  "publisher": "Oxford University Press",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bct1pqwgpc6zk.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-07T12:23:06Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13730573",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/rb/rbag196"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:3003|Advancements in Transdermal Drug Delivery",
      "subfield": "pharmacology-toxicology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "pH-responsive hydrogel facilitates skin penetration of extracellular vesicle-like nanovesicles for enhanced atopic dermatitis therapy",
  "title_text": "pH-responsive hydrogel facilitates skin penetration of extracellular vesicle-like nanovesicles for enhanced atopic dermatitis therapy",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-07T12:23:06Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bct1pqwgpc6zk",
  "venue": "Regenerative Biomaterials",
  "versions": []
}