{
  "abstract": "The development of biodegradable energy storage systems is essential for enabling environmental monitoring devices that can degrade after stable operation. In this work, we present a fully organic, bio-circular battery that uses materials selected using a framework based on their natural occurrence and hazard classification according to the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). We use redox-active organic molecules, aloe-emodin and luteolin, immobilized on activated coconut charcoal, together with an agarose/carboxymethyl cellulose gel polymer electrolyte and current collectors based on graphite flakes, carbon black, and agarose. The resulting battery delivers 0.7 V and stable electrochemical performance, supplying 8.8 mAh/g after 200 cycles, with 73.6% capacity retention and 98% coulombic efficiency. All components are further integrated into a pouch cell with an agarose packaging and beeswax coating. This prototype exhibits a discharge capacity of 7.1 μAh and 77.9% capacity retention over 20 cycles. Under simulated aerobic composting conditions, the pouch cell shows rapid and substantial disintegration, highlighting its potential for environmentally benign end-of-life scenarios. This work establishes a comprehensive design strategy for bio-circular batteries and demonstrates the applicability of bio-derived, GHS-non-toxic, fully organic materials for sustainable energy storage solutions.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Veronica F. Michel"
    },
    {
      "name": "Tina Curtins"
    },
    {
      "name": "Oliver von Grünigen"
    },
    {
      "name": "Markus Niederberger",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6058-1183"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bec8y3dcty6y7.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.26434/chemrxiv.15006763/v2",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "bec8y3dcty6y7",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://chemrxiv.org/doi/full/10.26434/chemrxiv.15006763/v2",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2208|Advanced battery technologies research"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221541451",
  "pdf_url": "https://chemrxiv.org/doi/pdf/10.26434/chemrxiv.15006763/v2",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-12",
  "publisher": "American Chemical Society (ACS)",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bec8y3dcty6y7.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:22Z",
      "native_id": "10.26434/chemrxiv.15006763",
      "source": "chemrxiv",
      "url": "https://chemrxiv.org/doi/full/10.26434/chemrxiv.15006763/v2"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "source:chemrxiv",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Toward bio-circular, fully organic batteries from non-toxic and bio-derived materials",
  "title_text": "Toward bio-circular, fully organic batteries from non-toxic and bio-derived materials",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:22Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bec8y3dcty6y7",
  "venue": "ChemRxiv",
  "versions": []
}