{
  "abstract": "Ketosis is a common metabolic disorder in dairy cows and occurs mainly during early lactation. Blood β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is widely used for diagnosis, but large-scale testing is limited by sampling requirements and cost. We therefore studied lactating Holstein cows from 12 large-scale dairy farms in central China. Milk samples, milk composition traits, and milk mid-infrared (MIR) spectra were collected through the Dairy Herd Improvement (DHI) testing system from April 2019 to December 2022, and ketosis diagnoses were obtained from farm health records; samples were labeled as healthy or ketotic based on the temporal relationship between diagnosis and sampling. A total of 2206 samples were used to build the calibration and validation datasets, in which five feature wavenumber selection methods and five machine learning algorithms were compared. Ketotic cows had a higher milk fat percentage and fat-to-protein ratio and a lower protein and lactose percentage (p < 0.01). The best combination was PLS-DA based on 104 CARS-selected wavenumbers, which achieved a sensitivity of 0.83, a specificity of 0.79, a balanced accuracy of 0.81 and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.88 in validation. MIR spectroscopy combined with machine learning can therefore support large-scale ketosis phenotyping within the DHI system.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China.",
    "Henan Provincial International Joint Laboratory for Dairy Health Farming, Henan Dairy Herd Improvement Center, Zhengzhou 450046, China.",
    "Information Technology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.",
    "College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.",
    "Dairy Association of China, Beijing 100193, China.",
    "Henan Seed Industry Development Center, Zhengzhou 450046, China.",
    "National Animal Husbandry Service, Beijing 100125, China."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 15,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Xiaoli Ren",
      "orcid": "0009-0005-1656-0840"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Zhuo Yang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Aote Han",
      "orcid": "0009-0008-3465-6370"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Yikai Fan",
      "orcid": "0009-0007-0398-4702"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Yi Zhang",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1642-5890"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Shaohu Chen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Zhen Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Lei Yan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Zheng Cao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Wenjiao Liu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xiaofeng Huang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Dongwei Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Guixiang Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Qingxia Yan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Shujun Zhang",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5357-445X"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bevbk17xyvswq.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/ani16203196",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13700896",
  "id": "bevbk17xyvswq",
  "issns": [
    "2076-2615"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42939127",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1602|Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221549588",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13700896?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13700896",
  "pmid": "42939127",
  "published": "2026-10-12",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bevbk17xyvswq.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:22:24Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42939127",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42939127"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:1602|Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses",
      "subfield": "analytical"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Construction and Evaluation of a Ketosis Prediction Model Based on Milk MIR Spectra and Feature Wavenumber Selection in Dairy Cows.",
  "title_text": "Construction and Evaluation of a Ketosis Prediction Model Based on Milk MIR Spectra and Feature Wavenumber Selection in Dairy Cows.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:22:24Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bevbk17xyvswq",
  "venue": "Animals : an open access journal from MDPI",
  "versions": []
}