{
  "abstract": "Unsupervised and explainable AI can uncover genomic features beyond human expectations. Oligonucleotides such as penta- and hexanucleotides often function as core binding motifs for regulatory proteins, and their usage provides powerful tools in functional genomics. We applied an unsupervised, explainable AI to their odds-ratio profiles of all 1-Mb euchromatic fragments in the human genome. Clustering using penta- or hexanucleotide odds ratios (1,024 or 4,096 variables) unexpectedly revealed nearly 2,000 distinct zones. CG-containing penta- and hexanucleotides (244 and 1,185 variables) produced comparable ∼2,000 zones, indicating fundamental genomic segmental structures. Human chromosomes exhibit Giemsa-banding patterns comprising 850 bands at prometaphase and ∼2,000 at prophase. Using single-nucleotide coordinates available for the 850 bands, we identified diagnostic oligonucleotides distinguishing Giemsa-negative and Giemsa-positive regions. Computational pseudo-band reconstruction based on these oligonucleotides generated genome segmentations that more closely paralleled the AI-derived ∼2,000 zones than the 850 bands. These findings indicate that AI captures characteristic sequence features of chromosomal bands and can predict high-resolution banding from genome sequences alone, thereby bridging classical cytogenetics and modern AI-based genomics.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology",
    "Association for Propagation of the Knowledge of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan",
    "Graduate School of Science and Technology Electrical and Information Engineering, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Toshimichi Ikemura",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9931-172X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yuki Iwasaki"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Kennosuke Wada"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yoshiko Wada"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Takashi Abe"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bf9eczacfr6fh.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.26508/lsa.202603782",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "bf9eczacfr6fh",
  "issns": [
    "2575-1077"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.life-science-alliance.org/lookup/doi/10.26508/lsa.202603782",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-05",
  "publisher": "Life Science Alliance, LLC",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bf9eczacfr6fh.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-06T00:21:20Z",
      "native_id": "10.26508/lsa.202603782",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.life-science-alliance.org/lookup/doi/10.26508/lsa.202603782"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biochemistry",
      "origin": "journal-openalex:1312|Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics",
      "subfield": "molecular-biology"
    },
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "issn:2575-1077",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "An unsupervised explainable AI reveals oligonucleotide-usage zones matching 2,000 chromosome bands",
  "title_text": "An unsupervised explainable AI reveals oligonucleotide-usage zones matching 2,000 chromosome bands",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-07T00:21:18Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bf9eczacfr6fh",
  "venue": "Life Science Alliance",
  "versions": []
}