{
  "abstract": "Background/Aim: Prevention of extravasation is important in nuclear medicine, given the growth of radioligand therapy and molecular-targeted radiopharmaceutical therapy. We used very-high-sensitivity infrared thermography to observe the puncture site in real time during radiopharmaceutical injection for bone scintigraphy and evaluated superficial vein visualization and the potential for extravasation monitoring.\n\nPatients and Methods: A total of 23 patients undergoing bone scintigraphy (19 men, four women; mean age of 74.2±7.7 years) were studied. Using very-high-sensitivity infrared thermography (Optris PI 450; thermal resolution 0.04°C), skin-temperature changes around the puncture site were monitored continuously during a saline flush and radiopharmaceutical injection. The minimum skin temperature within 5 mm of the puncture site was compared before and during injection, and its relationship with body mass index and injection site was examined.\n\nResults: No extravasation occurred, and bone scintigraphy was completed normally in all 23 patients. Superficial veins were clearly visualized in 19 out of 23 patients (83%): visualization succeeded in all forearm injections (4/4, 100%) but was poor in 4 out of 19 antecubital-fossa injections (21%). Among the 19 patients with venous visualization ≥5 mm, median minimum skin temperature within 5 mm of the puncture site decreased from 33.62°C before injection to 28.79°C during injection, with no temperature change suggestive of subcutaneous extravasation.\n\nConclusion: Real-time skin-temperature monitoring with very-high-sensitivity infrared thermography may aid superficial vein visualization and early detection of extravasation. Because visualization is affected by the site of injection, careful site selection and observation are warranted.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Long-Term Care Health Facilities Sunrise Ohhama, Shizuoka, Japan",
    "Department of Radiation Oncology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan",
    "Department of Radiology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 9,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "MASATOSHI KAGEYAMA"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "KENTA KONISHI"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "TSUTOMU IKENOHIRA"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "KOHEI WAKABAYASHI"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "RINTARO YAMASHITA"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "YUKICHI TANAHASHI"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "KUMI OZAKI"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "SATOSHI GOSHIMA"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "KATSUMASA NAKAMURA"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bfd849zcpe3z2.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.21873/invivo.14524",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13724005/",
  "id": "bfd849zcpe3z2",
  "issns": [
    "0258-851X",
    "1791-7549"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.21873/invivo.14524",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Research Article"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2741|Infrared Thermography in Medicine"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7224631136",
  "pdf_url": "https://iv.iiarjournals.org/content/invivo/40/6/3878.full.pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13724005",
  "pmid": "42957263",
  "published": "2026-10-29",
  "publisher": "International Institute of Anticancer Research",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bfd849zcpe3z2.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T12:22:33Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13724005",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.21873/invivo.14524"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2741|Infrared Thermography in Medicine",
      "subfield": "imaging"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Real-time Thermographic Vein Visualization and Extravasation Monitoring During Radiopharmaceutical Injection for Bone Scintigraphy",
  "title_text": "Real-time Thermographic Vein Visualization and Extravasation Monitoring During Radiopharmaceutical Injection for Bone Scintigraphy",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-05T12:20:43Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bfd849zcpe3z2",
  "venue": "In Vivo",
  "versions": []
}