{
  "abstract": "T-cell immune dysregulation is common in end-stage renal disease (ESRD), but whether hemodialysis (HD) differentially affects T-cell immune activity remains unclear. We evaluated the peripheral T-cell immune characteristics of 96 patients with ESRD and 86 healthy controls to explore the effects of HD on T-cell immune function. T-cell subsets were analyzed by flow cytometry for phenotype, number, and function (represented by interferon-gamma [IFN-γ] secretion capacity). Compared with healthy controls, patients with ESRD showed significant reductions in the absolute number of CD8+ T-naïve (TN)/T effector memory (TEM)/T effector memory regulatory (TEMRA), CD4+ T-cell memory (TCM), CD4+CD38+, CD8+/CD4+HLA-DR+, and CD8+/CD4+CD28+ cells, especially in the proportion and quantity of CD4+ TN cells. Compared with nHD patients, HD patients showed significantly different peripheral T-cell immune characteristics. Phenotypically, the changes in CD4+ T-cell subsets were more significant than those observed for CD8+ T cells, with activated T cells (CD4+CD38+, CD4+HLA-DR+, and CD8+CD38+ T cells) increased and functional T cells (CD4+CD28+ T cells) decreased in proportion and quantity. Functionally, the frequency of IFN-γ+CD4+/CD8+ T cells was significantly higher in HD patients than in nHD patients, indicating the enhanced functional activation of T cells under HD. In summary, maintenance HD is associated with dysregulation of T-cell homeostasis in patients with ESRD, which is characterized by dual features of enhanced T-cell phenotype activation and functional activation (increased IFN-γ secretion). By evaluating the immune status on the basis of the secretion function of IFN-γ, our study provides valuable insights into immune imbalance in patients with ESRD.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": "Brief Research Report",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Xuya Chen"
    },
    {
      "name": "Danxia Jin"
    },
    {
      "name": "Haoyang Guo"
    },
    {
      "name": "Shuangshan Bu"
    },
    {
      "name": "Yan Lu"
    },
    {
      "name": "Longyi Zhang"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bfnx1nswyc81g.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fimmu.2026.1966583",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "bfnx1nswyc81g",
  "issns": [
    "1664-3224"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1966583",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "feed-journal",
      "biology/immunology"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-04",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bfnx1nswyc81g.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T06:20:39Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fimmu.2026.1966583",
      "source": "feed-frontiers",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1966583"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T12:21:26Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fimmu.2026.1966583",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1966583/full"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "feed-journal:biology/immunology",
      "subfield": "immunology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Hemodialysis patients exhibit T-cell activation accompanied by an enhanced frequency of IFN-γ+CD4+/CD8+ T cells",
  "title_text": "Hemodialysis patients exhibit T-cell activation accompanied by an enhanced frequency of IFN-γ+CD4+/CD8+ T cells",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-04T12:21:26Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bfnx1nswyc81g",
  "venue": "Frontiers in Immunology",
  "versions": []
}