{
  "abstract": "High-intensity interval training (HIIT) can induce muscle damage and inflammatory responses, particularly in sedentary individuals. This study investigated the effects of whey protein isolate (WPI) combined with sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) infusion on muscle damage and inflammation following HIIT in sedentary male individuals. This double-blind randomized controlled trial included 39 sedentary males who were allocated to three groups: WPI-sappan (n=14), WPI (n=13), and control (n=12). The participants completed treadmill-based HIIT. The WPI-sappan group received 30 g of WPI combined with a sappan wood infusion prepared from 8.3 g of sappan wood powder. The WPI group received a WPI beverage, whereas the control group consumed a carbohydrate-only drink. All beverages contained 20 g of sucrose. Supplementation was administered immediately after exercise and daily for 4 d. Serum creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), skeletal troponin I (sTnI), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-10 concentrations were measured at baseline and at 24, 48, and 96 h post-exercise. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance. CK concentrations increased significantly after HIIT across all groups, with significant effects of time, treatment, and the time×treatment interaction (P<0.05). The WPI-sappan group demonstrated lower CK concentrations during recovery than the control group. IL-6 concentrations were significantly lower in the WPI-sappan group (P=0.024), whereas IL-10 showed a significant time×treatment interaction (P=0.010). No significant treatment effects were observed for LDH or sTnI. WPI combined with sappan wood modulated selected biomarkers of muscle damage and inflammation following HIIT in sedentary males.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Doctoral Program in Medicine and Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia",
    "Department of Nutrition Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang 50275, Indonesia",
    "Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia",
    "Department of Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Deny Yudi Fitranti",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1656-9563"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Vania Hasyyati",
      "orcid": "0009-0005-3880-5255"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Diana Nur Afifah",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8808-1826"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Denny Agustiningsih",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7008-0390"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Fatma Zuhrotun Nisa’",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1059-380X"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bfy5rg4001cv6.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3746/pnf.2026.118",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13696170/",
  "id": "bfy5rg4001cv6",
  "issns": [
    "2287-1098",
    "2287-8602"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.3746/pnf.2026.118",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2742|Exercise and Physiological Responses"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7222347826",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13696170?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13696170",
  "pmid": "42935504",
  "published": "2026-10-16",
  "publisher": "Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition (KFN)",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bfy5rg4001cv6.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:34Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13696170",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3746/pnf.2026.118"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:22:12Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42935504",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42935504"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2742|Exercise and Physiological Responses",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Whey Protein Isolate and Sappan Wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) Infusion Modulates Muscle Damage and Inflammatory Biomarkers Following High-Intensity Interval Training in Sedentary Males",
  "title_text": "Whey Protein Isolate and Sappan Wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) Infusion Modulates Muscle Damage and Inflammatory Biomarkers Following High-Intensity Interval Training in Sedentary Males",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:33:33Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bfy5rg4001cv6",
  "venue": "Preventive Nutrition and Food Science",
  "versions": []
}