{
  "abstract": "BackgroundHbA1c and mean glucose summarize average glycemia but do not capture glucose dispersion. Whether free-living glucose dispersion is associated with visual function beyond average glycemia remains unclear.\n\nAimTo determine whether glucose dispersion is associated with mesopic and photopic contrast sensitivity independently of HbA1c and contemporaneous CGM mean glucose.\n\nMethodsWe analyzed 2,218 AI-READI participants with continuous glucose monitoring and visual-function data. Glucose dispersion was represented primarily by mean absolute deviation from mean glucose (AAD), and associations were assessed using multivariable linear regression.\n\nResultsHigher AAD was associated with lower mesopic and photopic contrast sensitivity after adjustment for age and HbA1c ({beta} = -0.188 and -0.165; P = 1.28 x 10-{superscript 1}{superscript 1} and 8.55 x 10-) and after adjustment for age and CGM mean glucose ({beta} = -0.221 and -0.195; P = 4.84 x 10-{superscript 1}3 and 5.66 x 10-{superscript 1}). Associations persisted with additional adjustment and sensitivity analyses; glucose SD yielded concordant results.\n\nConclusionGlucose dispersion is associated with contrast sensitivity beyond average glycemia, suggesting that glycemic exposure may relate to visual function through its average level and dispersion.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Wayne State University"
  ],
  "article_type": "PUBLISHAHEADOFPRINT",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 1,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "R. Zhang"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bga31ygw4sy59.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.64898/2026.09.08.26362509",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.08.26362509v1.full",
  "id": "bga31ygw4sy59",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.08.26362509v1",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "medrxiv",
      "endocrinology"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2712|Diabetes Management and Research"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7212068197",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.08.26362509v1.full.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-08",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bga31ygw4sy59.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:11Z",
      "native_id": "10.64898/2026.09.08.26362509",
      "source": "medrxiv",
      "url": "https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.08.26362509v1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "medrxiv:endocrinology",
      "subfield": "endocrinology-metabolism"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Glucose Dispersion Is Associated With Contrast Sensitivity Beyond Average Glycemia",
  "title_text": "Glucose Dispersion Is Associated With Contrast Sensitivity Beyond Average Glycemia",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:11Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bga31ygw4sy59",
  "venue": "medRxiv",
  "versions": []
}