{
  "abstract": "Quinolones are among the most successful antibacterial drugs developed in the last century. These drugs act selectively by inhibiting bacterial type II topoisomerases (DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV), thereby impairing DNA replication and transcription. In the more than sixty years since the first quinolone entered the market, several others have been developed and classified into four generations according to their chemical modifications and effects on the spectrum of antibacterial activity. This review aims to provide an updated overview on this class of antimicrobials for scientists and clinicians doing research in the field of quinolones. We considered perspectives from several areas of medicinal chemistry, including the historical development and chemical evolution of quinolones, as well as their pharmacodynamics and mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity. Additionally, we integrated modern computational and analytical approaches, including bibliometric analysis, molecular docking, and drug-likeness profiling of quinolones to further understand their evolution and development.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Medicinal Organic Synthesis Laboratory (LaSOM®), Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil",
    "Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande 96200-200, Brazil",
    "Department of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Centre, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil",
    "Graduate Program in Integral Health Care (UNICRUZ/URI-Erechim/UNIJUÍ), Integrated Regional University of Alto Uruguai e das Missões, Erechim 99709-910, Brazil",
    "Pharmacokinetics and PK/PD Modeling Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Gustavo Machado das Neves",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2935-9944"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Graziela de Araújo Lock",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6513-0381"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Itamar Luís Gonçalves",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5952-6291"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Teresa Cristina Tavares Dalla Costa",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9227-2991"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Vera Lucia Eifler-Lima",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7656-9477"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bgaexddsvxdz6.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/molecules31213949",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "bgaexddsvxdz6",
  "issns": [
    "1420-3049"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/31/21/3949",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-02",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bgaexddsvxdz6.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T00:24:01Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/molecules31213949",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/31/21/3949"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "issn:1420-3049",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Quinolone Antimicrobials: A Medicinal Chemistry Perspective on Structural Evolution, Pharmacology, and Computational Profiling",
  "title_text": "Quinolone Antimicrobials: A Medicinal Chemistry Perspective on Structural Evolution, Pharmacology, and Computational Profiling",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-05T00:20:53Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bgaexddsvxdz6",
  "venue": "Molecules",
  "versions": []
}