{
  "abstract": "Background: Spark-like T cells constitute a novel functional state of CD8 ⁺ T cells and have emerged as key drivers of immunotherapy response in preclinical models, yet their clinical relevance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains undefined.\n\nMethods: Single-cell RNA sequencing (GSE207422), spatial transcriptomics (GSE271689), bulk RNA expression cohorts (TCGA-NSCLC, GSE37745, GSE41271, and GSE72094), and multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC) of a 100-patient cohort treated with anti-PD-1 were integrated to characterize Spark-like T cells and assess their clinical relevance. A 14-gene prognostic signature was constructed via LASSO-Cox regression.\n\nResults: Spark-like T cells were significantly enriched in anti-PD-1 responders in the single-cell RNA sequencing cohort. mIHC validation in the 100-patient cohort confirmed that high Spark-like T cell intensity in tumors was independently associated with prolonged overall survival (log-rank test, p < 0.001) and partial response to anti-PD-1 therapy (p = 0.0075). Spatial transcriptomics indicated strong co-localization of Spark-like T cells with M1 macrophages (Spearman r = 0.524, p = 3.4 × 10 ⁻⁴² ), suggesting their spatial co-enrichment with pro-inflammatory myeloid cells. In silico knockout identified TNF, ENTPD1 (CD39), and IL2 as cooperative regulators of Spark-like T cell effector function. The 14-gene Spark-like T cell-related signature (VDAC1, ITGB1, GALNT2, SEMA7A, UBB, SLC7A5, FURIN, SNX9, PSMB2, CXCL13, TOX, PPM1M, CCND2, and CLNK) robustly predicted overall survival across all four independent cohorts and remained an independent prognostic factor after adjustment for age, sex, and tumor stage. High-risk patients exhibited an immune-excluded, oncogene-driven tumor microenvironment with reduced infiltration of CD8 ⁺ T cells.\n\nConclusions: Spark-like T cells are clinically relevant determinants of anti-PD-1 response in NSCLC. mIHC quantification and the 14-gene signature provide promising translational tools for patient stratification and risk assessment.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Radiotherapy Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine",
    "Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University",
    "Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine",
    "Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Second Provincial General Hospital (Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital)"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 13,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Zhuoqi Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Rui Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Feng Sun"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Chunyan Han"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Mei Tian"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Yinghua Song"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Wenhong Xu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Lu Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Fujing Huang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xiao Wen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xiaoshu Yin"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Xiaoyan Lin"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yuan Tian"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bh6km9ve05h8k.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fimmu.2026.1997857",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "bh6km9ve05h8k",
  "issns": [
    "1664-3224"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1997857/full",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2730|Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7224119869",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1997857/pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-28",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bh6km9ve05h8k.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:17Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fimmu.2026.1997857",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1997857/full"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2730|Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers",
      "subfield": "oncology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Spark-like T cell represents a novel functional state of CD8+T cells associated with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy response and clinical prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer",
  "title_text": "Spark-like T cell represents a novel functional state of CD8+T cells associated with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy response and clinical prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:19:17Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bh6km9ve05h8k",
  "venue": "Frontiers in Immunology",
  "versions": []
}