{
  "abstract": "Background: Tenosynovial giant cell tumor (TGCT) is a common benign soft-tissue neoplasm, typically occurring in joints such as the hand, foot, and knee. However, the heterogeneity in biological behavior across different anatomical locations—particularly between weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing joints—remains to be elucidated. This study aimed to analyze the anatomical distribution characteristics of extremity TGCT, evaluate surgical outcomes and recurrence-associated factors, explore the prognostic significance of key molecular markers (specifically Ki-67), and assess postoperative quality of life using patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs).\n\nMethods: This single-center retrospective study included 82 patients with TGCT of the extremities treated between July 2017 and January 2025. Cases were classified into localized (L-TGCT) and diffuse (D-TGCT) types based on growth patterns and histological findings. Ki-67 expression was analyzed across the entire cohort. The Ki-67 labeling index was dichotomized into low-expression (< 10%) and high-expression (≥ 10%) groups based on a 10% cutoff value derived from previously established prognostic criteria in relevant literature. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and risk factors were identified via multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression. The proportional hazards assumption was verified. PROMs included MSTS-93, NRS, BPI, and PROMIS scales.\n\nResults: The mean age was 39.9 ± 12.8 years. Distribution included 30 hand (36.6%), 27 foot (32.9%), and 25 knee (30.5%) cases. The mean follow-up was 4.8 years. The overall recurrence rate was 30.5% (25/82), with 4 recurrences in the hand, 10 in the foot, and 11 in the knee. Multivariable Cox analysis showed that invasive bone involvement (HR=4.21, p=0.007) and Ki-67 ≥10% (HR=3.52, p=0.021) were independent risk factors for recurrence. All PROMs significantly improved at 6 months postoperatively.\n\nConclusion: TGCT exhibits significant biological heterogeneity. A Ki-67 index ≥10% and invasive bone involvement are key predictors of recurrence. High-risk patients require stratified surgical strategies, such as bone debridement, and intensified follow-up.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "The Eighth Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, China",
    "Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan, China"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Jinxian Zhao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Jiuxu Yao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Jianhui Lin"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Guokai Feng"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Jianfeng Chen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yongqiang Lao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Zongquan Mo"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bjrzxemewmf12.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1186/s13018-026-07067-w",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13737941/",
  "id": "bjrzxemewmf12",
  "issns": [
    "1749-799X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-026-07067-w",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2745|Musculoskeletal synovial abnormalities and treatments"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7171702230",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": "PMC13737941",
  "pmid": "42989270",
  "published": "2026-07-29",
  "publisher": "BMC",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bjrzxemewmf12.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-09T12:23:01Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13737941",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-026-07067-w"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "journal-openalex:2746|Total Knee Arthroplasty Outcomes",
      "subfield": "surgery"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Clinicopathological characteristics and prognostic value of Ki-67 in extremity tenosynovial giant cell tumor: a retrospective cohort study highlighting anatomical differences",
  "title_text": "Clinicopathological characteristics and prognostic value of Ki-67 in extremity tenosynovial giant cell tumor: a retrospective cohort study highlighting anatomical differences",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-09T12:23:01Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bjrzxemewmf12",
  "venue": "Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research",
  "versions": []
}