{
  "abstract": "Background: Despite extensive research on vitamin D metabolism and lead toxicity, specific nutritional and occupational health guidelines to prevent vitamin D insufficiency among lead-exposed workers remain lacking. This gap is particularly relevant in tropical regions, where adequate sunlight is often assumed to ensure sufficient vitamin D status. While previous studies have examined the effects of lead on vitamin D and calcium metabolism, the combined influence of sunlight exposure, dietary calcium, and protein intake on vitamin D levels in occupationally exposed populations has not been well characterized.\n\nObjective: This study investigates the crucial role of vitamin D in calcium absorption and bone health, particularly in lead-exposed workers.\n\nMethods: This cross-sectional study, conducted in five lead-contaminated areas in Java, Indonesia, with 144 subjects meeting inclusion criteria, explores factors such as BMI, age, vitamin and food intake, and workplace exposure. Characteristics, including age, were obtained through interviews, while a Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire was used to assess food and vitamin intake (using the Nutrisurvey 2007 program), and ICP-MS to assess blood lead levels (BLL). Sun exposure was evaluated based on sunlight duration, and chi-square tests were conducted between observed factors and vitamin D levels.\n\nResults: Median BLLs among participants were 6.8 µg/dL (1.1–58.8). Bivariate analysis revealed that sunlight exposure and protein intake were associated inversely with BLLs; however, multivariate analysis showed that vitamin D intake (p = 0.009) and calcium intake (p = 0.051) were found to be significant predictors.\n\nConclusion: This research highlights the absence of a significant correlation between vitamin D levels and sunlight exposure or protein intake. Notably, it reveals a significant association between vitamin D and calcium intake with vitamin D levels, emphasizing the intricate interplay of factors influencing vitamin D status in lead-exposed workers and underscoring the importance of dietary considerations.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Doctoral Program in Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia",
    "Medical Faculty, Profession Study Program, Universitas Islam Bandung, Indonesia",
    "Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia",
    "Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia",
    "Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia – Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia",
    "Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia – Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia",
    "Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia – Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia",
    "Genome Diversity and Disease Division, Mochtar Riady Institute for Nanotechnology, Banten, Indonesia",
    "Indonesia Medical Education and Research Institute (IMERI), Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia",
    "Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 12,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Ade Mutiara"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Muchtaruddin Mansyur"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Wawaimuli Arozal"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Ninik Sukartini"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Nani Cahyani Sudarsono"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Diana Sunardi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Aria Kekalih"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Dicky L Tahapary"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Safarina G. Malik"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Muhammad Orri Baskoro"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Dini Yuliani"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "Stephan Boese-O’Reilly"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bk2p3dmw6e9zb.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.47895/amp.v60i18.10015",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13736567/",
  "id": "bk2p3dmw6e9zb",
  "issns": [
    "0001-6071",
    "2094-9278"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.47895/amp.v60i18.10015",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Article"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2712|Vitamin D Research Studies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7220859349",
  "pdf_url": "https://actamedicaphilippina.upm.edu.ph/index.php/acta/article/download/10015/7270",
  "pmcid": "PMC13736567",
  "pmid": "42991723",
  "published": "2026-09-30",
  "publisher": "University of the Philippines Manila",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bk2p3dmw6e9zb.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-09T12:21:59Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13736567",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.47895/amp.v60i18.10015"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2712|Vitamin D Research Studies",
      "subfield": "endocrinology-metabolism"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Factors Influencing the Level of Vitamin D in Lead-exposed Workers in Java, Indonesia",
  "title_text": "Factors Influencing the Level of Vitamin D in Lead-exposed Workers in Java, Indonesia",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-09T12:21:59Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bk2p3dmw6e9zb",
  "venue": "Acta Medica Philippina",
  "versions": []
}