{
  "abstract": "Background: Children and adolescents with Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) often show increased emotional dysregulation (ED) and internalizing emotional problems (iEP). However, the predictive and moderating role of these emotional difficulties in the treatment of ADHD—particularly regarding pharmacological (methylphenidate, MPH) and non‐pharmacological approaches (neurofeedback at home, NF@home)—remains understudied. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of MPH and NF@home in reducing iEP/ED in children with ADHD and to assess the predictive role of iEP/ED and neuropsychological executive function (EF) measures in treatment outcomes.\n\nMethods: The per‐protocol sample included 146 children (7–13 years) diagnosed with ADHD (inattentive or combined type). iEP was measured with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), ED via a dysregulation profile, and EF using the BRIEF and Continuous Performance Test (CPT). ADHD symptoms were assessed using the ADHD Rating Scale IV. Participants were randomized to either the MPH group (n = 59) or the NF group (n = 87), which included NFSMR (n = 72) and NFTBR (n = 15), based on individual Theta/Beta‐Ratio (TBR). Mixed‐model analyses considered symptom severity at baseline, age, gender, IQ, and study center as covariates.\n\nResults: All intervention groups showed significant changes in iEP, but with different effects regarding parent (NFSMR: d = −0.396, 95% CI [−0.574, −0.217]; NFTBR: d = −0.367, 95% CI [−0.747, 0.013]; MPH: d = −0.409, 95% CI [−0.603, −0.215]) and teacher ratings (NFSMR: d = −0.211, 95% CI [−0.405, −0.017]; NFTBR: d = −0.639, 95% CI [−1.06, −0.222]; MPH: d = −0.142, 95% CI [−0.340, 0.056]). There was no between‐intervention effect, supported by non‐inferiority analyses. For ED, we also found significant effects for all interventions; however, significantly more pronounced effects were obtained for MPH. Moreover, both prediction models indicated a limited predictive value.\n\nConclusions: The findings suggest non‐inferiority of NF versus MPH treating iEP within an ADHD sample. However, due to limited predictive value, no clear clinical guidance can yet be drawn regarding personalized treatment recommendations. Further studies are needed to confirm and extend these findings.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University Mannheim Germany",
    "German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Mannheim ‐ Heidelberg ‐ Ulm, partner site Mannheim Mannheim Germany",
    "Instituto de Investigación y Transferencia (ITEI), Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR), CIBERSAM Madrid Spain",
    "Department of Neuroscience Campus Biotech CISA‐Université de Genève Genève Switzerland",
    "Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department and Child Brain Institute, Robert Debré Hospital Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Paris and Universite Paris Cite Paris France",
    "Cyrebro Neurosignals Paris France",
    "Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (MPEA1), CHU Montpellier‐Saint Eloi Hospital University of Montpellier Montpellier France",
    "RDS SAS Strasbourg France",
    "Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasme Academic Hospital Université Libre de Bruxelles Bruxelles Belgium",
    "Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland",
    "Clinique des Grangettes Chêne‐Bougeries, Geneva Switzerland",
    "Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Hospices civils de Lyon, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant Bron Cedex France",
    "Neuroscience Center Zurich University of Zurich and ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland",
    "Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland",
    "LPNC, UMR 5105 University Grenoble Alpes Grenoble France",
    "Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry CHU Grenoble Alpes Grenoble France",
    "Development and Trajectories INSERM CESP U 1018 Psychiatry Montpellier France",
    "CESP, INSERM U 1018 Paul Brousse Hospital Villejuif France",
    "Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy University Hospital of Ulm, University of Ulm Ulm Germany"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 25,
  "authors": [
    {
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        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Amelie Bohner"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Hilario Blasco‐Fontecilla"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Tomas Ros"
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    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Eric Acquaviva"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Yohan Attal"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Tobias Banaschewski"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Sarah Baumeister"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Elisa Bousquet"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Aurore Bussalb"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Marie Delhaye"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Richard Delorme"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "Renate Drechsler"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Allison Goujon"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Alexander Häge"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Louis Mayaud",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3187-8030"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Konstantin Mechler",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5322-7140"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        10
      ],
      "name": "Caroline Menache"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        11
      ],
      "name": "Olivier Revol"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "Friederike Tagwerker"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9,
        12,
        13
      ],
      "name": "Susanne Walitza"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "Anna Maria Werling"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        14,
        15
      ],
      "name": "Stéphanie Bioulac"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        9,
        12,
        13
      ],
      "name": "Daniel Brandeis"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6,
        16,
        17
      ],
      "name": "Diane Purper‐Ouakil",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0454-1579"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        18
      ],
      "name": "Anna Kaiser",
      "orcid": "0009-0001-6373-8278"
    }
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  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bkwmzbvyz92sq.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1111/jcpp.70205",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13745781/",
  "id": "bkwmzbvyz92sq",
  "issns": [
    "0021-9630",
    "1469-7610"
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  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.70205",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Article"
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      "2738|Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder"
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  "pdf_url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/jcpp.70205",
  "pmcid": "PMC13745781",
  "pmid": "42517414",
  "published": "2026-07-28",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bkwmzbvyz92sq.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-11T12:23:18Z",
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  "subjects": [
    {
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      "origin": "openalex:2738|Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder",
      "subfield": "psychiatry"
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  ],
  "title": "Emotional problems and dysregulation in children/youth with ADHD: predictive and moderating effects in a randomized controlled trial of methylphenidate and neurofeedback",
  "title_text": "Emotional problems and dysregulation in children/youth with ADHD: predictive and moderating effects in a randomized controlled trial of methylphenidate and neurofeedback",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-12T12:22:12Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bkwmzbvyz92sq",
  "venue": "Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines",
  "versions": []
}