{
  "abstract": "Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with exacerbations often triggered by infections. Bacterial lysates have been investigated as interventions to reduce the exacerbations of COPD.\n\nMethods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating bacterial lysates (BLs) in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). PubMed, EMBASE, CENTRAL, Web of Science, Google Scholar, ICTRP, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched. In adults with COPD that compared bacterial lysates with placebo or conventional COPD therapy. Primary outcomes were the effect of BLs on exacerbations and duration. Secondary outcomes were hospitalisation risk, the mean number of exacerbations per participant during trial follow up, symptom scores for dyspnoea, sputum, cough, and adverse events. We used random-effects meta-analysis, assessed risk of bias with Cochrane RoB 2, graded certainty with GRADE.\n\nResults: Fifteen RCTs were included. The pooled risk ratio (RR) for exacerbation in patients with COPD treated with BLs vs. control was 0.83 (95% CI 0.74–0.93; P = 0.0009). The mean difference (MD) for exacerbation duration showed no statistical significant reduction −9.26 Days (95% CI −19.56 to 1.03; P = 0.08). Mean number of exacerbations (MD) −0.19 (95% CI −0.30 to −0.08; P = 0.0009). Hospitalisation RR was 0.52 (95% CI 0.35–0.78; P = 0.001).Symptom outcomes were dyspnoea standardised mean difference (SMD) −0.42 (95% CI −0.75 to −0.10; P = 0.01), cough (SMD) −0.37 (95% CI −0.63 to −0.11; P = 0.006), while sputum production showed no significant change (SMD) −0.20 (95% CI −0.65 to 0.25; P = 0.39), The RR for adverse events was 0.95 (95% CI 0.86–1.04; P = 0.27).\n\nConclusion: Bacterial lysates may be associated with lower COPD exacerbation and hospitalisation risk, with small numerical improvements in dyspnoea, cough, sputum production showed no significant improvement; effects varied by formulation, these findings require confirmation in formulation specific trials.\n\nSystematic Review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42024570783, PROSPERO CRD42024570783.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia",
    "Respiratory Therapy, Almaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia",
    "Respiratory Therapy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia",
    "College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia",
    "College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia",
    "College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia",
    "College of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia",
    "College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia",
    "UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, United Kingdom",
    "Department of Respiratory Therapy, Faculty of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia",
    "Respiratory Therapy Unit, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"
  ],
  "article_type": "systematic review",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 13,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Azizah Almujadib"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Reham Alotaibi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Aseel Alsultan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Reem Alshehri"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Haneen H. Alzahrani"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Noor Almahfoodh"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Bassam Asiri"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Shaden Alsulami"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Shahad Alghool"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Ghidi Saddiqi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "John R. Hurst"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9,
        10
      ],
      "name": "Hajed M. Alotaibi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9,
        10
      ],
      "name": "Malik A. Althobiani"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bna6mayea2cpm.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fmed.2026.1928291",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13731251/",
  "id": "bna6mayea2cpm",
  "issns": [
    "2296-858X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2026.1928291",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Systematic Review"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2740|Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research"
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  "openalex": "W7223087067",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/medicine/articles/10.3389/fmed.2026.1928291/pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13731251",
  "pmid": "42984897",
  "published": "2026-10-21",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bna6mayea2cpm.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-08T12:21:29Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13731251",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2026.1928291"
    }
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2740|Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research",
      "subfield": "general"
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  ],
  "title": "Evaluating the therapeutic benefit of bacterial lysates in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis",
  "title_text": "Evaluating the therapeutic benefit of bacterial lysates in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-08T12:21:29Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bna6mayea2cpm",
  "venue": "Frontiers in Medicine",
  "versions": []
}