{
  "abstract": "Alfalfa (Medicago sativa), an autotetraploid species, is a globally important forage crop. Traditional genetic transformation methods predominantly rely on leaf-derived callus, a process that is complex, inefficient, and particularly challenging to generate stable transgenic lines in polyploid plants. To address these limitations, we developed an efficient transformation system that bypasses callus induction by directly exploiting stem regeneration. Our protocol enables the generation of stable gene-edited alfalfa plants from shoot tips. It accommodates stem explants from various developmental stages and significantly reduces the time required. Moreover, this approach was effective across multiple alfalfa cultivars, and preliminary proof-of-concept experiments in Nicotiana tabacum and Solanum lycopersicum suggested potential transferability beyond alfalfa. This study represents a substantial advancement in perennial plant transformation and provides a robust and practical platform for optimizing stem regeneration-based genetic modification systems.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.",
    "Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, 57007, USA.",
    "State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.",
    "College of Grassland Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, China."
  ],
  "article_type": "methods article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 12,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jinghui Gao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Houyin Xia",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6145-8339"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yajun Wu",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5861-0974"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Changgen Xie",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9985-9939"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jiawen Peng",
      "orcid": "0009-0009-4501-3941"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yilin Cui"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yiyang Liu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Luna Tan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Chun Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Qian Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jie An",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1801-178X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Peizhi Yang",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5937-837X"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bnhvcm10fjdmz.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1111/tpj.71195",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13720224",
  "id": "bnhvcm10fjdmz",
  "issns": [
    "0960-7412",
    "1365-313X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42958684",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Technical Advance"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1312|Plant tissue culture and regeneration"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7224921505",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13720224?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13720224",
  "pmid": "42958684",
  "published": "2026-10-29",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bnhvcm10fjdmz.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-01T00:20:36Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42958684",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42958684"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-03T12:21:09Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13720224",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.71195"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biochemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:1312|Plant tissue culture and regeneration",
      "subfield": "molecular-biology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "An efficient gene delivery method utilizing the regenerative capacity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa).",
  "title_text": "An efficient gene delivery method utilizing the regenerative capacity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa).",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-03T12:21:09Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bnhvcm10fjdmz",
  "venue": "The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology",
  "versions": []
}