{
  "abstract": "Natural sounds are shaped by both spectral content and temporal patterning. Here we ask whether click trains with the same mean inter-click interval, but different millisecond-scale temporal patterns evoke distinct behavioral and neural responses. Human listeners discriminated several such click-train patterns, and human EEG revealed context-dependent deviance-related responses. Awake rats showed analogous cortical response differences at the ECoG level. Along the IC–MGB–A1 pathway, unit recordings revealed weak oddball/context sensitivity in IC, intermediate sensitivity in MGB, and stronger stimulus-specific adaptation in A1. Reversible inactivation of the auditory cortex reduced MGB sensitivity, indicating a contribution of corticothalamic feedback. Further A1 layer analyses showed stronger effects in supragranular than deep cortical layers. Together, these results show that distinct click-train temporal patterns are differentially represented across the auditory system, with stronger sensitivity emerging in higher auditory structures.\n\nNatural sounds contain both spectral and temporal information, but how millisecond-scale temporal patterns are represented across the auditory system is unclear. This study shows that distinct click-train patterns evoke discriminable behavioral and neural responses, with sensitivity increasing from midbrain to cortex and shaped by corticothalamic feedback and cortical hierarchy.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.",
    "Department of Anesthesia, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.",
    "Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.",
    "College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.",
    "Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.",
    "Cognitive and Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory (Lab 1), Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.",
    "Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.",
    "Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.",
    "Department of Basic Psychology, Psychobiology and Methodology of Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain."
  ],
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        0,
        1,
        2,
        3,
        4
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      "name": "Yuying Zhai"
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        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Peirun Song"
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        7
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      "name": "Ana Belén Lao-Rodríguez"
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      "name": "Xinyu Du"
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        4
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      "name": "Haoxuan Xu"
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        1
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      "name": "Hangting Ye"
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    {
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        3
      ],
      "name": "Xuehui Bao"
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    {
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        3
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      "name": "Ishrat Mehmood"
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    {
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        3
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      "name": "Nayaab Shahir Pandit"
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    {
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        1
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      "name": "Cheng Chang"
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    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Zhouyou Dai"
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    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Zhiyi Tu"
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    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Pei Chen"
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    {
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        0
      ],
      "name": "Tingting Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Lingling Zhang"
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    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xuan Zhao"
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    {
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        6,
        8
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      "name": "David Pérez-González"
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    {
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        7
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      "name": "Manuel S Malmierca",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0168-7572"
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    {
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        1,
        2,
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Xiongjie Yu",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0040-2187"
    }
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  "doi": "10.1371/journal.pbio.3004046",
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  "pmcid": "PMC13686464",
  "pmid": "42848840",
  "published": "2026-10-08",
  "publisher": "Public Library of Science",
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  "title": "Distinct millisecond-scale click-train patterns evoke discriminable behavioral and neural responses in humans and rats",
  "title_text": "Distinct millisecond-scale click-train patterns evoke discriminable behavioral and neural responses in humans and rats",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
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