{
  "abstract": "Traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures fail to capture the structural, mechanical, and biochemical complexity of living tissues, prompting a major paradigm shift toward three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models. 3D systems faithfully replicate in vivo physiological architectures, dynamic cell-to-cell contacts, and extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions, bridging a critical gap in preclinical studies by predicting human therapeutic responses more accurately. This review explores the technological evolution from simple multicellular tumor spheroids to sophisticated microphysiological networks. Scaffold-free methods-including the hanging drop, low-adherent plates, magnetic levitation, and dynamic bioreactors-efficiently recreate the pathophysiological oxygen, nutrient, and metabolic gradients characteristic of solid tumor zonation and drugresistance pathways. Conversely, scaffold-based systems leverage hydrogels, synthetic polymers, and decellularized matrices to dissect the biomechanics of matrix stiffness and mechanotransduction. At a higher tier of biological fidelity, patient-derived organoids preserve cellular heterogeneity, native tissue polarity, and accurate patient-specific mutational profiles, serving as critical pipelines for personalized medicine and precision drug screening. Furthermore, the integration of advanced microfluidic technologies has facilitated the engineering of tumor-, organ-, and multi-organ body-on-a-chip platforms. These microphysiological systems reconstruct dynamic fluid flow, functional tissue-vascular interfaces, physiological barriers (such as the blood-brain barrier), and systemic pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (ADME) drug profiles. Beyond deepening mechanistic insights into oncology, these interconnected 3D models provide highly ethical, predictive, and cost-effective alternatives to animal experimentation in strict alignment with the 3Rs principles. Ultimately, these complementary 3D culture technologies are transforming oncology into a highly predictive, patient-tailored discipline",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Eva Martin"
    },
    {
      "name": "Flavien Bessaguet"
    },
    {
      "name": "Nicolas Clere"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bsp37r1jcgedc.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1016/j.phrs.2026.108465",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "bsp37r1jcgedc",
  "issns": [
    "1043-6618",
    "1096-1186"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://hal.science/hal-05777912v1",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "hal",
      "0.sdv"
    ],
    [
      "hal",
      "1.sdv.bc"
    ],
    [
      "hal",
      "1.sdv.bio"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2204|3D Printing in Biomedical Research"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7213473007",
  "pdf_url": "https://hal.science/hal-05777912/document",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-05",
  "publisher": "Elsevier",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bsp37r1jcgedc.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:47Z",
      "native_id": "hal-05777912",
      "source": "hal",
      "url": "https://hal.science/hal-05777912v1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "hal:1.sdv.bc",
      "subfield": "cell-biology"
    },
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "hal:1.sdv.bio",
      "subfield": "systems-synthetic"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Three-dimensional cell culture models in oncology: From tumour spheroids to integrated microphysiological systems",
  "title_text": "Three-dimensional cell culture models in oncology: From tumour spheroids to integrated microphysiological systems",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:47Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bsp37r1jcgedc",
  "venue": "Pharmacological Research",
  "versions": []
}