{
  "abstract": "This paper describes the climate-related forcings (CRFs) provided within the 'b' part of the third simulation round of the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP3b). While ISIMIP3a comprises historical impact models simulations forced by observational CRF and direct human forcings (DHF), the ISIMIP3b CRFs are based on climate model simulations generated within the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). In a first set of experiments (ISIMIP3b, group I) the CMIP6-based CRFs for the historical period are combined with historical observation-based DHF also considered in ISIMIP3a (e.g. land use patterns, water and agricultural management, and fishing efforts). These group I simulations allow for the quantification of impacts of historical climate change by comparison to simulations where the observational DHF are combined with simulated pre-industrial CRFs. In addition, the impacts of observed changes in CRFs can be compared to the impacts of simulated changes in CRFs by comparing the ISIMIP3a simulations to the ISIMIP3b, group I simulations. The second group of experiments (ISIMIP3b, group II) comprises future projections assuming constant observational direct human forcings at 2015 levels to estimate the impact of climate change given today’s direct human influences for the low emission scenario SSP1-2.6, the high and the very high emission scenarios SSP3-7.0, SSP5-8.5, respectively. The very high emissions scenarios and the assumption of fixed present day direct human forcings particularly allow for testing the scalability of impacts in terms of global temperature change. The provided CRFs comprise atmospheric CO2 and CH4 concentrations, atmospheric and oceanic climate data, coastal water levels, tropical cyclone tracks and their associated wind speed and precipitation fields. In addition to the CRFs data, this paper describes the experiments belonging to group I and II and the rationale behind them. Another set of future projections accounting for changing DHFs (ISIMIP3b, group III) is in preparation and will be described in another paper.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (Potsdam, Germany)",
    "University of Potsdam (Potsdam, Germany)",
    "Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 14473 Potsdam, Germany",
    "University of Potsdam, Institute for Environmental Science and Geography, 14476 Potsdam, Germany",
    "Institute for Environmental Science and Geography, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany",
    "National Centre for Atmospheric Science and School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS29JT, UK",
    "Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia",
    "Department of Ocean and Coastal Science and Center for Computation and Technology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA",
    "Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, CA, USA",
    "Centre for Fisheries Ecosystems Research, School of Fisheries, Fisheries & Marine Institute, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada",
    "Centre for Fisheries Ecosystems Research, Fisheries & Marine Institute, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada",
    "Marine and Antarctic Research for Innovation and Sustainability, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa",
    "School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia",
    "Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada",
    "IRD, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, INRAE, MARBEC, Sète, France",
    "Lorenz Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA",
    "Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York, USA",
    "Columbia Climate School, Columbia University, New York, NY 10025, USA",
    "NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY 10025, USA",
    "Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder, CO 80302, USA",
    "formerly at: Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA",
    "formerly at: Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research/Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch‐Partenkirchen, Germany",
    "CGD, National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder, CO 80302, USA",
    "formerly at: Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research/Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany",
    "Senckenberg Leibniz Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany",
    "Department of Mathematics, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK",
    "Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, UK",
    "Geography Department, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK",
    "College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK",
    "College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China",
    "Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia",
    "International Center for Climate and Environment Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China",
    "School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK",
    "Institute of Physical Geography, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany",
    "Institute of Physical Geography , Goethe University Frankfurt , Frankfurt am Main , Germany",
    "Senckenberg Leibniz Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F) , Frankfurt am Main , Germany",
    "Blanes Centre for Advanced Studies (CEAB-CSIC), Blanes, Spain",
    "Department of Ecology and Genetics , Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18 D, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden",
    "Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18 D, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden",
    "Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Water and Climate, Brussels, Belgium"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 61,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Katja Frieler",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4869-3013"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Stefan Lange",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2102-8873"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Jacob Schewe",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9455-4159"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Matthias Mengel",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6724-9685"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Simon Treu",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7001-5983"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Christian Otto"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Jan Volkholz",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2533-3739"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Christopher Reyer",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1067-1492"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Stefanie Heinicke",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0222-5281"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Colin Jones",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7221-8127"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Julia L. Blanchard",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0532-4824"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Cheryl Shannon Harrison",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4544-947X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Colleen M. Petrik",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3253-0455"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9,
        10
      ],
      "name": "Tyler D. Eddy",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2833-9407"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        11
      ],
      "name": "Kelly Ortega‐Cisneros",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2511-5448"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Camilla Novaglio",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3681-1377"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        12
      ],
      "name": "Ryan Heneghan",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7626-1248"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        13
      ],
      "name": "Derek P. Tittensor",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9550-3123"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        14
      ],
      "name": "Maury Olivier",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7999-9982"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Matthias Büchner",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1382-7424"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Thomas Vogt",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2135-4436"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Dánnell Quesada‐Chacón",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5700-1846"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        15
      ],
      "name": "Kerry Emanuel",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2066-2082"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        16
      ],
      "name": "Chia‐Ying Lee",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1644-375X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        17,
        16
      ],
      "name": "Suzana J. Camargo",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0802-5160"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        17,
        18
      ],
      "name": "Linn Hamester",
      "orcid": "0009-0006-0807-4348"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        17,
        18,
        2,
        19,
        20,
        21
      ],
      "name": "Jonas Jägermeyr",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8368-0018"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        22,
        20,
        23,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Sam S. Rabin",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4095-1129"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Jochen Klar",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5883-4273"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Iliusi Vega del Valle",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6902-2257"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Lisa Novak"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        24
      ],
      "name": "Inga Sauer",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9302-2131"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        24,
        25
      ],
      "name": "Gitta Lasslop",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9939-1459"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        25,
        26
      ],
      "name": "Sarah Chadburn",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1320-315X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        26,
        27
      ],
      "name": "Eleanor Burke",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2158-141X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        27,
        28
      ],
      "name": "Angela V. Gallego-Sala",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7483-7773"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        28,
        29
      ],
      "name": "Noah Smith",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9302-4391"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        29,
        30
      ],
      "name": "Jinfeng Chang",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4463-7778"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        30,
        26
      ],
      "name": "Stijn Hantson",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4607-9204"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        26,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Chantelle Burton",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0201-5727"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        31
      ],
      "name": "Anne Gädeke",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0514-2908"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        31,
        32
      ],
      "name": "Simon Newland Gosling",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5973-6862"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        32,
        33,
        24
      ],
      "name": "Simon Newland Gosling",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5973-6862"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        34,
        35,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Hannes Müller Schmied",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5330-9923"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        24
      ],
      "name": "Fred Fokko Hattermann",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6046-4670"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        24,
        36
      ],
      "name": "Thomas Hickler",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4668-7552"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        36,
        37
      ],
      "name": "Rafael Marcé",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7416-4652"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        38,
        39
      ],
      "name": "Don Pierson",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6230-0146"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        36
      ],
      "name": "Wim Thiery",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5183-6145"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        36
      ],
      "name": "Daniel Mercado‐Bettín",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4572-3029"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        37
      ],
      "name": "Robert Ladwig",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8443-1999"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        38,
        24
      ],
      "name": "Ana I. Ayala",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3986-5100"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        24
      ],
      "name": "Matthew Forrest",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1858-3489"
    },
    {
      "name": "Michel Bechtold",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8042-9792"
    },
    {
      "name": "Robert Reinecke",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5699-8584"
    },
    {
      "name": "Inge E. M. de Graaf",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7748-868X"
    },
    {
      "name": "Jed Oliver Kaplan",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9919-7613"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        14
      ],
      "name": "Alexander Koch",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4693-4453"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        14
      ],
      "name": "Matthieu Lengaigne",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0044-036X"
    },
    {
      "name": "Rohini Kumar",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4396-2037"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bvvw815qexmbx.bib",
  "cited_by": 21,
  "doi": "10.5194/gmd-19-4095-2026",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "bvvw815qexmbx",
  "issns": [
    "1991-959X",
    "1991-9603"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-4095-2026",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2306|Climate variability and models"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W4410972162",
  "pdf_url": "https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/19/4095/2026/gmd-19-4095-2026.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-05-19",
  "publisher": "Copernicus Publications",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bvvw815qexmbx.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T13:26:58Z",
      "native_id": "W4410972162",
      "source": "openalex",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-4095-2026"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "earth",
      "origin": "openalex:2306|Climate variability and models",
      "subfield": "climate"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Scenario set-up and the new CMIP6-based climate-related forcings provided within the third round of the Inter-Sectoral Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP3b, group I and II)",
  "title_text": "Scenario set-up and the new CMIP6-based climate-related forcings provided within the third round of the Inter-Sectoral Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP3b, group I and II)",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-08T13:20:54Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bvvw815qexmbx",
  "venue": "Geoscientific model development",
  "versions": []
}