{
  "abstract": "Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) now exceed 27% power conversion efficiency (PCE); however their performance under varying illumination conditions remains strongly influenced by interfacial charge carrier dynamics. Although bulk defects have been substantially reduced through perovskite compositional engineering, trap states in metal oxide electron transport layers (ETLs) can still capture carriers and promote non-radiative recombination, with effects that depend strongly on photon flux. Here, we investigate trap-assisted interfacial recombination in metal oxide ETLs using a Low-High-Low (LHL) illumination protocol, which probes device behavior from low-light (1000 lux) to 1 Sun and back. We find that interfacial trap states have only a minor effect under low-light but become highly detrimental under 1 Sun illumination, where they dominate interfacial recombination and reduce the open-circuit voltage (VOC). This effect is particularly pronounced for metal oxides with higher densities of surface trap states, such as TiO₂. Upon returning to low-light after 1 Sun exposure, devices show a marked VOC decrease followed by slow recovery, consistent with gradual charge release from interfacial traps and the subsequent suppression of recombination. These findings reveal the strongly illumination-dependent role of metal oxide trap states and provide design guidance for optimizing PSCs for both outdoor and indoor photovoltaic applications.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, UK.",
    "Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.",
    "Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.",
    "Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.",
    "Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Tianhao Lan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Joel Luke"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Oskar J Sandberg"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Charlie Henderson"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ying Sun"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Katherine Stewart"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Ji-Seon Kim"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bvwksx8vjbpef.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1002/advs.78501",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13721585",
  "id": "bvwksx8vjbpef",
  "issns": [
    "2198-3844"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42961018",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Research Article"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2208|Perovskite Materials and Applications"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7224795330",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13721585?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13721585",
  "pmid": "42961018",
  "published": "2026-10-30",
  "publisher": "Wiley",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bvwksx8vjbpef.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-01T00:20:50Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42961018",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42961018"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-03T12:22:15Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13721585",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.78501"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [],
  "title": "Illumination-Dependent Interfacial Recombination in Perovskite Photovoltaics Driven by Trap States in Metal Oxide Electron Transport Layers.",
  "title_text": "Illumination-Dependent Interfacial Recombination in Perovskite Photovoltaics Driven by Trap States in Metal Oxide Electron Transport Layers.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-03T12:22:15Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bvwksx8vjbpef",
  "venue": "Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)",
  "versions": []
}