{
  "abstract": "Endocavity ultrasound transducers, particularly transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) probes, contain intricate structures such as notches, grooves, lens surfaces, and handle edges that are highly susceptible to microbial contamination yet difficult to disinfect using conventional high-level disinfection (HLD) methods. This study evaluated the efficacy of a novel ultraviolet C light emitting diode (UVC-LED) HLD system in eliminating microbial contamination from these complex probe surfaces. Two TVUS probes were sampled from predefined high-risk regions before and after disinfection following clinical use. Probe A was sampled at the top and bottom notches and both sides of the handle, while Probe B was assessed at the lens, edges, and bent groove regions. Microbial contamination was quantified using swab sampling, culture on agar plates, and identification via Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF). Environmental sampling of examination and disinfection rooms was also performed. To assess this system robustness, probe sites were repeatedly inoculated with Bacillus subtilis spores and evaluated following UVC treatment. Before UVC treatment, contamination rates ranged from 25% to 57% across sampled regions, with microbial loads reaching up to 3.9 log10 colony forming units (CFU). Identified organisms included Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas koreensis, Bacillus cereus, and Propionibacterium spp. Probe sheaths were also predominantly contaminated with Staphylococcus epidermidis., with counts reaching up to 4.3 log10 CFU, Environmental sampling revealed diverse microbiota, with higher contamination levels in examination rooms compared to disinfection areas. Following 90 seconds of UV-C exposure, no microbial growth was detected on any sampled site, indicating 100% decontamination. Additionally, UVC treatment achieved > 6.5 log10 reduction of B. subtilis spores across all tested regions. These findings demonstrate that UVC-LED technology provides rapid, effective, and consistent high-level disinfection of complex TVUS probe surfaces, supporting its potential as a rapid and reliable disinfection modality in clinical setting.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"
  ],
  "article_type": "Research Article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 2,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Muhammad Yasir"
    },
    {
      "name": "Mark D. P. Willcox"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bvydscc2c1bzy.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0346554",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "bvydscc2c1bzy",
  "issns": [
    "1932-6203"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0346554",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Bacteriology/Bacterial physiology/Bacterial spores"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Bacterial pathogens/Bacillus"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Bacterial pathogens/Staphylococcus"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Bacterial pathogens/Staphylococcus/Staphylococcus epidermidis"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Microbial physiology/Bacterial physiology/Bacterial spores"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Bacteria"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Bacteria/Bacillus"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Bacteria/Pseudomonas"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Bacteria/Staphylococcus"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Bacteria/Staphylococcus/Staphylococcus epidermidis"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Health care/Sanitization/Disinfection"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Medical conditions/Infectious diseases/Infectious disease control/Sanitization/Disinfection"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Pathology and laboratory medicine/Pathogens/Microbial pathogens/Bacterial pathogens/Bacillus"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Pathology and laboratory medicine/Pathogens/Microbial pathogens/Bacterial pathogens/Staphylococcus"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Pathology and laboratory medicine/Pathogens/Microbial pathogens/Bacterial pathogens/Staphylococcus/Staphylococcus epidermidis"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Public and occupational health/Preventive medicine/Sanitization/Disinfection"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Physics/Electromagnetic radiation/Light/Ultraviolet radiation/Ultraviolet C"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-05",
  "publisher": "Public Library of Science",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bvydscc2c1bzy.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-06T12:20:42Z",
      "native_id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0346554",
      "source": "plos",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0346554"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "plos:microbiology",
      "subfield": "microbiology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Inactivation of microorganisms in the complex regions of transvaginal ultrasound probes by a UVC-LED light based disinfection system",
  "title_text": "Inactivation of microorganisms in the complex regions of transvaginal ultrasound probes by a UVC-LED light based disinfection system",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-07T12:20:24Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bvydscc2c1bzy",
  "venue": "PLOS One",
  "versions": []
}