{
  "abstract": "BZR1 (Brassinazole-resistant 1) and BES1 (bri1-EMS suppressor1) are the principal transcription factors that convert brassinosteroid (BR) perception into genome-wide transcriptional programs governing plant growth, development, and stress responses. Once regarded as end-effectors of a linear receptor-to-nucleus relay, they are now recognized as central hubs that integrate diverse endogenous and environmental cues into context-specific transcriptional outputs. We synthesize recent progress across four connected levels. Structurally, a modular architecture enables simultaneous target recognition, signal input, and output control. Mechanistically, the canonical BIN2-mediated phosphorylation switch is expanded by upstream regulators that couple membrane dynamics, carbon status, protein homeostasis, and nuclear import to BZR1/BES1, while ubiquitination, SUMOylation, redox modification, and acetylation form an interconnected post-translational network. During transcriptional execution, dephosphorylated BZR1/BES1 partition targets into activated and repressed sets through cis-element preference, corepressor recruitment, chromatin modifiers, and partnerships with factors such as PIF4 and ARF6. Physiologically, BZR1/BES1 coordinate anutrient-responsive metabolism, yield-related traits, and abiotic-stress tolerance, with marked functional divergence among crop orthologs. We highlight open questions in signal-integration specificity and discuss how BZR1/BES1 modules could be engineered for climate-resilient crops.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Fengxiao Guo"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Shenghong Ge"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Mingguang Lei"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bwj785fazqgfz.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/ijms27219434",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "bwj785fazqgfz",
  "issns": [
    "1422-0067"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/21/9434",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1110|Plant Molecular Biology Research"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223309388",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-22",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bwj785fazqgfz.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:57Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/ijms27219434",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/21/9434"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:1110|Plant Molecular Biology Research",
      "subfield": "plant-biology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "BZR1 and BES1: From Brassinosteroid Signaling Termini to Multifunctional Integrators of Plant Growth and Environmental Adaptation",
  "title_text": "BZR1 and BES1: From Brassinosteroid Signaling Termini to Multifunctional Integrators of Plant Growth and Environmental Adaptation",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:57Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bwj785fazqgfz",
  "venue": "International Journal of Molecular Sciences",
  "versions": []
}