{ "abstract": "Neutrophils, the most abundant leukocytes in human blood, have multifaceted roles in health and disease. Here we assembled a single-cell atlas of human neutrophils (SCAHN) by integrating transcriptome data from 1 million human neutrophils from 781 samples and 43 independent datasets. Using SCAHN, we identified multiple neutrophil subsets with distinct functions across tissues and robust changes in gene expression and subset proportions in infection, cancer, immune suppression and sex differences at single-cell resolution. Cross-species reference mapping of mouse and nonhuman primate neutrophils onto SCAHN revealed both conserved and species-specific features. Using 17,023 bulk blood transcriptome profiles from 40 datasets, we found that neutrophil-specific signatures predicted mortality in acutely ill patients at presentation, were associated with cancer diagnosis and survival, and correlated with metabolic dysfunction and long-term all-cause mortality. Our study highlights how neutrophil biology can improve immune risk stratification and develop effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.", "abstract_shown": true, "affiliations": [ "Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA", "Division of Computational Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA", "Stanford Immunology Program, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA", "Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA", "Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA", "Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA USA", "Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA", "Center of Infection and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands", "Division of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands", "Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands", "Department of Acute Care, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands", "Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands", "Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH USA", "Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center and the SPIES Consortium, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL USA", "Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep and Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA", "Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA", "Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Research Organization (MICRO), St James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland", "School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland", "1st Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Teaching Hospital and Biomedical Center in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic", "Department of Emergency Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA", "Danaher Diagnostics, Washington DC, USA", "Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA", "4th Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece", "Hellenic Institute for the Study of Sepsis, Athens, Greece", "Inflammatix Inc, Sunnyvale, CA USA", "Atropos Health, New York, NY USA", "Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Piedmont Healthcare, Atlanta, GA USA", "Division of Hospital Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA", "Clinical Excellence Research Center, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA", "Technology and Digital Solutions, Stanford Healthcare, Palo Alto, CA USA" ], "article_type": "research article", "arxiv": null, "author_total": 27, "authors": [ { "affs": [ 0, 1 ], "name": "Hong Zheng", "orcid": "0000-0002-8884-8211" }, { "affs": [ 2 ], "name": "Evan Maestri", "orcid": "0000-0003-4829-1444" }, { "affs": [ 3 ], "name": "Andrew R. Moore", "orcid": "0000-0001-8040-2576" }, { "affs": [ 0, 1 ], "name": "Ananthakrishnan Ganesan" }, { "affs": [ 2 ], "name": "Jeanna Enriquez" }, { "affs": [ 4 ], "name": "Verónica Durán" }, { "affs": [ 4, 5, 6 ], "name": "Shirit Einav", "orcid": "0000-0001-6441-4171" }, { "affs": [ 7, 8 ], "name": "Tom van der Poll", "orcid": "0000-0002-9199-5079" }, { "affs": [ 9, 10, 11 ], "name": "Hjalmar R. Bouma" }, { "affs": [ 12 ], "name": "Mihir R. Atreya" }, { "affs": [ 13 ], "name": "Philip A. Efron" }, { "affs": [ 13 ], "name": "Lyle L. Moldawer" }, { "affs": [ 14 ], "name": "Jonathan Sevransky" }, { "affs": [ 15 ], "name": "David W. Wright", "orcid": "0000-0002-7145-9105" }, { "affs": [ 16, 17 ], "name": "Ignacio Martin-Loeches" }, { "affs": [ 18 ], "name": "Thomas Karvunidis" }, { "affs": [ 19, 20 ], "name": "Jeremiah Hinson" }, { "affs": [ 21 ], "name": "David N. Hager" }, { "affs": [ 19 ], "name": "Richard E. Rothman" }, { "affs": [ 22, 23 ], "name": "Evangelos J. Giamarellos-Bourboulis", "orcid": "0000-0003-4713-3911" }, { "affs": [ 24 ], "name": "Timothy E. Sweeney", "orcid": "0000-0002-3596-1093" }, { "affs": [ 3 ], "name": "Angela J. Rogers", "orcid": "0000-0001-6969-6200" }, { "affs": [ 25 ], "name": "Saurabh Gombar" }, { "affs": [ 26 ], "name": "Manoj V. Maddali" }, { "affs": [ 1, 27, 28 ], "name": "Jonathan H. Chen" }, { "affs": [ 1, 28, 29 ], "name": "Nigam Shah", "orcid": "0000-0001-9385-7158" }, { "affs": [ 0, 1 ], "name": "Purvesh Khatri", "orcid": "0000-0002-4143-4708" } ], "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bxb17yxgmr95s.bib", "cited_by": 0, "doi": "10.1038/s41590-026-02671-8", "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13710163/", "id": "bxb17yxgmr95s", "issns": [ "1529-2908", "1529-2916" ], "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-026-02671-8", "language": "en", "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0", "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND 4.0", "licence_source": "article", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/", "metadata_licence": null, "native_subjects": [ [ "heading", "Resource" ], [ "openalex", "1312|Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics" ] ], "openalex": "W7223140000", "pdf_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41590-026-02671-8.pdf", "pmcid": "PMC13710163", "pmid": "42907583", "published": "2026-10-21", "publisher": null, "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bxb17yxgmr95s.ris", "sources": [ { "first_seen": "2026-10-31T12:21:11Z", "native_id": "PMC13710163", "source": "pmc", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-026-02671-8" } ], "subjects": [ { "field": "biochemistry", "origin": "openalex:1312|Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics", "subfield": "molecular-biology" } ], "title": "A single-cell atlas of human neutrophils reveals neutrophil heterogeneity across health and disease", "title_text": "A single-cell atlas of human neutrophils reveals neutrophil heterogeneity across health and disease", "type": "peer-reviewed", "updated_at": "2026-10-31T12:21:11Z", "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bxb17yxgmr95s", "venue": "Nature Immunology", "versions": [] }